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Modern multifunctional forest management needs indicators showing the state of forest environment. Commonly used solution is monitoring of the abundance of species with specific environmental requirements. This paper analyses the possibility of use of the biggest European woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) as forest management quality indicator. The black woodpecker resides in all types of forest sites. The species prefers big thick trees as a nest trees, its cavities were mainly made in birches Betula sp. in Western and Southern Europe, Scots pines Pinus sylvestris in Middle and Eastern Europe and aspens Populus tremula in Northern Europe. The black woodpecker, excavating large−sized breeding cavities, is defined as a key species due to the creation of breeding sites for large secondary cavity−nesters. Because of the breeding requirements, black woodpecker can also be treated as an umbrella species for organisms associated with old trees. The way of feeding of that species shows a strong connection with the availability of dead wood. The black woodpecker is a sedentary species, which means that it is highly depended on the structure of the forest and quickly responds to changes caused by forest management. Because of the habitat requirements and relationships with other species, as well as the wide geographical range, it is a good indicator species for multifunctional suitable forest management. It can also act as a keystone species for secondary cavity nesters and umbrella species for organisms associated with old, dying trees.
The Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius excavates nesting holes in big trees and use dead wood for foraging. It is considered as a key and an indicator species in the protection of biodiversity of forest ecosystems, because its cavities condition the possibility of breeding the biggest secondary cavity−nesters, bats, and some species of wasps. We studied preferences of the Black Woodpecker towards the nesting trees in the Augustów Forest (NE Poland). It is an extensive forest complex covering 114 000 ha, dominated by fresh and mixed fresh coniferous forest sites. Scots pine Pinus sylvestris occupies 78% of forest area. Stands older than 100 years cover about 18% of the study area. We searched for trees with cavities of the Black Woodpecker in stands older than 60 years. We identified tree species, their age and health condition. The breast height diameter and height of trees and height of the cavities above ground were measured. Additionally, cavity entrance orientation were estimated. We found a total number of 150 nesting trees with 229 cavities excavated by the Black Woodpecker. Pines constituted 95% of nesting trees. Cavities were found also in Betula pendula and Populus tremula. Live trees predominated among trees with cavities. Dead trees (only pines) constituted 12% of all. More than one (form 2 to 6) cavity entrances were recorded in almost 30% of nesting trees. Woodpeckers excavated cavities in pines in age from 92 to 222, 159 years old on average. Taken together, 90% of cavity pines were older than 110 years. The height of nesting trees varied from 21 to 37.5 m (30.5 m on average), and its breast height diameter was 32−96 cm with mean of 54 cm. Over 90% of trees with woodpeckers' cavities had dbh larger than 40 cm, and almost 50% between 50 and 60 cm. The mean height of cavity entrances was 12.8 (6−27) m. There was no dependence between the height of cavities and the thickness of trees. The entrance orientation was dominated by east and north (together 58%). Birds selected the least often an entrance in southwest (only 2.3%). The Augustów Forest is the only study plot in Europe, where so strong domination of pines among nesting trees of the Black Woodpecker was recorded. The preferred tree species in south and west part of the continent is Fagus sylvatica. The Black Woodpecker uses for nests mainly the oldest pines, but it is related to the thickness, and not directly to the age of these trees. The maintenance of pine dominated stands older than 120 years is necessary for the Black Woodpecker protection in the Augustów Forest.
W maju 2013 roku znaleziono martwego młodocianego osobnika gniewosza plamistego Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768 w Puszczy Augustowskiej, przy granicy z Białorusią. Jest to stanowisko oddalone o ponad 100 km od północnej granicy zwartego zasięgu tego gatunku przebiegającego przez teren Polski i wskazuje na możliwość występowania gniewosza na innych stanowiskach na północnym wschodzie kraju
Preferences of the Buzzard, Goshawk and Raven in choosing the trees for nesting were studied in northern part of the Augustów Forest (NE Poland) in 2014−2016 years. Study area is dominated by fresh and mixed fresh sites with Scots pine as a dominant species (86% of the forest area). Nests were searched in stands older than 60 years. We found 60 nests of Buzzard, 11 of Goshawk, and 31 of Raven. The diameter and the height of nest trees, the height of nest location, and length of tree crowns were measured. Diameter and height of surrounding trees were also determined. In total, 11 features of nest trees were assessed. For the location their nests, all analysed bird species preferred trees bigger and higher than neighbouring ones. The oldest stands (above 100 years old) were also preferred. The Raven built nests on trees average 139 years old, Goshawk – 119, while Buzzard – 109. Raven nested only on Scots pine, Goshawk on Norway spruce and Scots pine, while Buzzard on silver birch, Scots pine, European larch and Norway spruce. The Buzzard selected for nest trees growing in average distance about 1500 m from forest edge, while Goshawk and Raven preferred nest in a similar distance from the forest edge (707−783 m). Distance of the nests from forest road were similar for Buzzard and Goshawk – about 60 m, and in case Raven it was only 38 m. Raven chose for nesting old−growth islands located on forest edge, or even single old tree growing on plantation. The greatest plasticity in the nest location and habitat diversity was found for Buzzard. Both Goshawk and Raven had more precisely marked habitat and nest preferences.
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