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Ochrona upraw przed grzybami patogenicznymi dla roślin jest jednym z podstawowych elementów zapewniających wysokie plony. Niestety, odporność na fungicydy jest zjawiskiem coraz częściej występującym u patogenów. Przyczyną zaniku ochronnego działania stosowanych substancji czynnych są najczęściej mutacje w genach białek targetowych dla fungicydów. Do innych czynników powodujących wzrost odporności grzybów na fungicydy zalicza się m.in. zwiększenie ekspresji w/w białek, syntezę alternatywnych enzymów zastępujących funkcje blokowanych enzymów lub usuwanie z komórek fungicydów przez transportery ABC i MFS. Obecnie, ze względu na wzrost częstości tego zjawiska coraz większe znaczenie odgrywa stosowanie fungicydów zgodnie z praktykami zapobiegającymi powstawaniu odporności u grzybów.
Cercospora leaf spot caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola is one of the most serious diseases of sugar beet. The widespread use of benzimidazoles to protect sugar beets led to increased incidence of resistant strains of C. beticola. The immediate cause of the resistance is a single mutation causing a substitution of amino acid in the β-tubulin protein. The aim of the study was to use PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis to identify benzimidazole sensitive and resistant strains of C. beticola. Applied studies enabled a precise and rapid identification of individual strains of C. beticola.
Rhizoctonia cerealis cause sharp eyespot, a common disease of cereals in Poland. The study was aimed at assessing the level of genetic diversity of R. cerealis isolates from the Wielkopolska region using RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) method. All isolates were identified by staining of nucleus in hyphal cells with a safranin solution. Genomic DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from fresh mycelium growing on NB (nutrient broth) liquid medium. The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) reaction was carried out using a series of RAPD primers. The isolates showed high level of genetic diversity. There was no correlation between the host plant, a place of origin of the isolates studied, and their RAPD profiles.
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Snyder et Hansen in 1940 simplified nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Fusarium by minimizing the significance of morphological variation. On the basis of host-specificity they established formae speciales and included them in a single species Foxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyder et Hansen. Up to date over 120 host-plants of nearly the same number of formae speciales have been recognized. Formae speciales were differentiated by means of pathogenicity tests and additional methods: serological, biochemical, genetic, vegetative compatibility tests and molecular biology analysis, as RFLP and PCR. Recently the differentiation of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) seems to be important in the characteristics of formae speciales. A systematic numbering of VCGs was proposed for standarization of the system used for categorizing genetic diversity in Foxysporum. It might be the beginning of a new taxonomic system of Fusarzum oxysporum.
Leaf spot caused by Cercospora beticola is one of the most serious disease of sugar beet. For the disease control benzimidazole, triazole, strobilurine, morpholine and pyrimidine fungicides have been used. The aim of the study was to evaluate the resistance level of C. beticola isolates collected in Wielkopolska region to selected fungicides. Most of the tested isolates were resistant to carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl, and only a few of the isolates were sensitive to benzimidazoles. Most of the tested isolates were sensitive to the other tested fungicides. However, several isolates resistant to triazoles and piraclostrobin were identified.
Sharp eyespot caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis is a common disease of cereals in Poland. R. cerealis is considered a weak pathogen, but under favourable conditions the incidence of the disease increases. The pathogen control is performed with fungicides used against other stem base diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the resistance level of R. cerealis isolates to selected fungicides that are used in the cereal crop protection. Cyproconazole and pyraclostrobin were fungicides that highly limited growth of the examined isolates. The group of the fungicides well-inhibiting growth of R. cerealis includes: epoxiconazole, flusilazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, azoxystrobin, carbendazim and next kresoxim-methyl and phenpropimorph. Most of the tested isolates were resistant to thiophanate-methyl, cyprodinil and prochloraz. The results indicate the possibility of effective control of R. cerealis by fungicides used for protection of other stem base diseases.
Cercospora leaf spot caused by fungus Cercospora beticola is the most serious foliar disease of sugar beet in Poland. The disease has a large negative impact on yield and quality of crops. A wide range of physiological and morphological diversity of this species was described. For most Cercospora species, including C. beticola sexual stage was not found, despite of determinate two matting types within populations of isolates. The aim of the study was asses genetic diversity of C. beticola isolates collected from sugar beet producing area in Poland during 2007–2008. A genetic study was performed by RAPD methods. They indicate a high level of variability of tested isolates. There was no correlation between RAPD and ISSR profiles of isolates and their origin. The high level of genetic diversity can be connected with increasing of fungicide resistance of C. beticola isolates.
Eyespot caused by Oculimacula acuformis and O. yallundae is a common, economically important disease of cereals in Poland. For the pathogens control fungicides like triazoles, imidazoles, strobilurins, morpholines, anilino-pyrimidines, pyridine carboxamide, and benzimidazoles are used. However, intense use of the same active compounds leads to the appearance of resistant fungal strains. The aim of the study was to evaluate under laboratory conditions the resistance level of O. acuformis and O. yallundae isolates to fungicides used in the cereal protection against eyespot. Boscalid, prochloraz, pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole and flusilazole were the compounds highly limiting growth of the isolates on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium. The group that included tebuconazole, cyprodinil, kresoxim-methyl and fenpropimorph inhibited the growth of fungal isolates quite well. The laboratory test results indicate the possibility of effectively control of eyespot with the tested fungicides with the exception of benzimidazoles (carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl), as most of the tested isolates of Oculimacula spp. isolates were resistant to the products containing these active ingredients.
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