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An efficient protocol for storage of Polypodium vulgare rhizome shoot tips was developed. The best result was observed when the rhizomes were pretreated with 2 mg l-1 abscisic acid/24 h and dehydrated 10 h in hypertonic solution of 20% mannitol before shoot tip isolation. Those explants were encapsulated and stored for 2 months. Plantlets of good quality regenerated after the capsules were transferred to Murashige Fern Multiplication Medium.
Polypodium vulgare L. rhizome cells tolerate water deficit stress to different degrees. This study examined the extent of ultrastructural changes in the endodermis and stelar elements in response to mannitol dehydration treatment. Cytological observations showed that the rhizomes possess structural adaptations to withstand drying by maintaining water inside the stele or activating mechanisms that mitigate stress. There are Casparian strips on the walls of the endodermis, and thicker cell walls of cortex parenchyma cells bordered with endodermal cells. Numerous electron-dense vesicles accumulate in dehydrated endodermal cells, making the organelles not visible. In parenchymatous cells of pericycle and vascular parenchyma cells, only nuclei with slightly condensed chromatin, smaller starch grains and vesicle formation were observed in the cytoplasm after dehydration. Changes in cell membrane ultrastructure were not identified. Incubation of the rhizome in abscisic acid prior to dehydration did not produce ultrastructural changes.
Polypodium vulgare L., a widely distributed fern, is water-stress tolerant. Under controlled dehydration conditions (20% mannitol, 9 h) without and with abscisic acid (ABA) pretreatment (2 mg l⁻¹, 24 h), dehydration tolerance and regenerative, potential of common polypody rhizomes was investigated. We demonstrated the positive effect of ABA on changes in dehydrated rhizome metabolism. ABA pretreatment reduced electrolyte leakage from cells: it has also a role in regulating sucrose accumulation and thus, osmotic adjustment. Our findings confirm that P. vulgare rhizomes are well adapted to stress conditions through maintaining of ability to bud formation by dehydrated and rehydrated rhizomes.
In vivo and in vitro self-pollination of whole pistils of some clones of Salix viminalis enabled to obtain mature seeds containing cotyledonary embryos which after the transfer to MS medium developed into wholly formed seedlings. Pollination in vitro of placentae led to abundant pollen germination and formation of tubes which occasionally they were entering the ovules through micropyle. Fertilized ovules normally developed into germinable seeds. Distant pollination of stigmas in vivo and in vitro with pollen grains of Populus tremula, P.tomentosa, P. lasiocarpa showed the ability of pollen to germinate and to form tubes several hours after pollination. Some tubes penetrated the styles but did not enter into the placenta. When placentae were directly pollinated than pollen germinated abundantly and occasionally pollen tubes were found entering the micropyle. Embryological analysis of those ovules performed 3-5 days after pollination demonstrated the presence of globular embryos with several endosperm nuclei. The technique of in vitro placental pollination works well for Salix viminalis and it could probably be applied to other Salix species.
Placentae of Melandrium album excised from ovaries of unopened flowers were pollinated in vitro with pollen grains of Lychnis coronaria. Pollen grains germinated, and pollen tubes were found entering the micropyles 18 h after pollination. Double fertilization occurred. Immature and mature hybrid embryos at different stages of development were analyzed up to the third week of culture. Twenty-five days after culture, cotyledonary embryos were isolated from ovules and transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0.5, 1 or 2 mg l-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). About 85% of the 115 inoculated embryos died shortly after transfer to medium, due to atrophy of the root and one cotyledon. Eighteen embryos survived; of these, 16 well-formed seedlings with root system were transferred to soil. The hybrid plants grew normally, and their hybridity was confirmed by morphological study. Female and male organs of the intergeneric hybrid were completely sterile.
Regeneration of plants from hypocotyls and cotyledons of androgenic embryos of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. homozygous line DH-O 120) were investigated. Both types of explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg (B5) media with or without a low concentration of growth regulators added. Buds showed the highest developmental ability on B5 medium in the presence of 0.5 mg 1-1GA3**. All shoots and secondary embryos derived from cotyledons and hypocotyls were of cortical origin. Starch grains gradually disappeared as shoot initiation proceeded, indicating their role in the process of organogenesis.
Vascular storage parenchyma cells of carrot roots were treated with methanol solutions of radicinin and epiradicinol produced by Alternaria radicina and with alternariol and alternariol methyl ether produced by A. alternata at concentrations of 25 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml, as well as culture filtrates of both fungi. Cell ultrastructure was observed by TEM. No visible changes were noted after treatment with 25 µg/ml toxin solutions. The most extensive plication of cell membranes, and sometimes also cell walls, and the formation of numerous vesicles in the cytoplasm, was observed in cells treated with the higher concentration of toxins. Plasma membrane withdrawal and vésiculation, microvacuole formation, and accumulation of plastoglobuli in chromoplasts also occurred. No changes in the structure of endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes were noted. The responses of cell structures to particular toxins were nonspecific. Treatment with culture filtrates from A. radicina resulted in the occurrence of osmiophilic, electron-dense substance in the cytoplasm and plastoglobuli. All alterations induced by filtrates were more extensive than those resulting from toxin solutions, but membrane integrity was not disturbed after any of the treatments.
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