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The phylogenetics of potential Mesozoic ancestors of cuttlefish of a restricted order Sepiida von Zittel, 1895 (superorder Decabrachia Boettger, 1952) is reviewed. Microstructural studies of Mesozoic homeomorphs of cuttlebones (Pearceiteuthis gen. n., Loligosepia, Trachyteuthis, Actinosepia) are consistent with their assignement to the superorder Octobrachia Fioroni, 1981. The discovery of an embryonic Ceratisepia shell in the upper Maastrichtian of the Netherlands, indicates that true Sepiida did have a pre-Cenozoic origin. Cretaceous decabrachs of the order Spirulida Stolley, 1919 do not show evidence of the dorso-anterior shell growth vectors seen in Cenozoic spirulids, sepiids and octobrachs. Separate origins of the Sepiida and Spirulida within Cretaceous diplobelinid belemnites is still the most attractive hypothesis. Ceratisepia vanknippenbergi sp. n. from the upper Maastrichtian of the Netherlands and Pearceiteuthis buyi gen. et sp. n. from the Callovian of England are described.
A complete uppermost Maastrichtian–Danian succession in the Sumbar River section, western Kopet Dagh (southwest Turkmenistan, Central Asia), constitutes one of the few instances in the world where the fossil record of the last ammonites can be directly positioned with respect to the iridium−rich, impact−related clay layer, which defines the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Two ammonite taxa, Baculites cf. vertebralis and Hoploscaphites constrictus johnjagti, range up to a level directly beneath the K–Pg boundary clay in the Sumbar River section. Thus, these two forms probably survived until the very end of the Maastrichtian in the western Kopet Dagh area. The terminal Maastrichtian ammonite records from the Sumbar River area represent the southeasternmost occurrences of these essentially Boreal taxa.
From the late Maastrichtian of southern Limburg (The Netherlands) and northeast Belgium, three species of anomurans in as many genera and sixteen brachyuran species in fourteen genera are described. Of the anomurans, Paguristes florae and Eomunidopsis meerssensis, are new; of the brachyurans seven species and one genus are new. These are: Glyptodynomene inornata, Dromiopsis praelaevior, Dromiopsis mosae, Homolopsis declinata, Raninoides? quadrispinosus, Raniliformis occlusa and Binkhorstia euglypha. A new genus, Leptoides, is erected to contain Titanocarcinus briarti (Forir 1887) and a concise historical account of the crabs of the Liège-Limburg Maastrichtian is given.
Clusters of gastropod egg capsules, inferred to be of neritoids and attached to the inner shell wall of the ultimate whorl of a large volutid gastropod, are here recorded from the upper Nekum Member (Maastricht Formation; late Maastrichtian) of the ENCI−Heidelberg Cement Group quarry, St Pietersberg (Maastricht, southeast Netherlands). Because the aragonitic shell of the volutid has dissolved, the outlines of the egg capsules are now revealed on the steinkern of indurated biocalcarenite, having been subsequently overgrown by cheilostome bryozoan colonies and preserved as mould bioimmurations. This represents the first example of gastropod eggs preserved through bioimmuration, as well as the first record of gastropod eggs from the Cretaceous.
Strata with cyanobacterial−sponge buildups of Middle to Late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) age in the southern Polish Uplands document the earliest known members of the Pylochelidae. Two new Late Jurassic species of “symmetrical” hermit crabs, Ammopylocheles robertboreki and Jurapylocheles iwonae, are described. A new term, the massetic region, is introduced to describe the equivalent in paguroids of the hepatic region in brachyuran carapaces, because in the former, this region does not reflect the position of the liver but rather an attachment zone of the mandibular muscles.
On the basis of carapaces, three new genera and species of symmetrical paguroid anomurans are described. Diogenicheles theodorae, Masticacheles longirostris, and Pilgrimcheles karolinae constitute the oldest known members of the family Parapylochelidae. As noted previously, assemblages from sponge−reefal strata of Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) age in the south− ern Polish Uplands document an important radiation event amongst paguroids. Compared to the present day, the Parapylochelidae were more diverse during the mid−Mesozoic; they appear to have withdrawn from shallow, reefal waters to deep−water settings from the Late Jurassic onwards. Paguroid faunas from the Oxfordian of Europe already are highly di− verse, both morphologically and phylogenetically, and comprise early members of the families Diogenidae, Pylochelidae, and Parapylochelidae. This suggests that the evolutionary history of paguroids started much earlier (i.e., in pre−Jurassic times) than previously assumed. New terms for several typical paguroid carapace regions are introduced and on the basis of carapace morphology and ecological shifts hypotheses on the early speciation of hermit crabs are put forward.
A new species of diogenid paguroid, Eopaguropsis nidiaquilae, the earliest known member of the family to date, is recorded from sponge−reefal strata of Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) age in the southern Polish Uplands. Morphological features of the carapace suggest that the family Diogenidae diverged from other paguroid lineages such as the Pylochelidae and Parapaguridae, long before the Oxfordian Stage (161.2–155.7 Ma). The typically deep, V−shaped cervical groove of diogenids most likely was the product of fusion of the branchiocardiac and cervical grooves of their predecessors.
Isolated marginal teeth and tooth crowns of Late Campanian and Late Maastrichtian mosasaurid reptiles (Squamata, Platynota) from the Wisła River valley area, central Poland, are described and illustrated. These comprise two Late Campanian taxa from Piotrawin quarry: Prognathodon sp. and Plioplatecarpinae sp. A., and four late Late Maastrichtian taxa from Nasiłów quarry: Mosasaurus cf. hoffmanni Mantell, 1829, M. cf. lemonnieri Dollo, 1889c, “Mosasaurus (Leiodon) cfr. anceps” sensu Arambourg (1952), and Plioplatecarpinae sp. B. In addition, the previously described fragmentary jaw with associated teeth of the Late Campanian age from Maruszów quarry (west of the Wisła River area), is reassigned to Mosasaurus cf. hoffmanni. This specimen suggests that M. hoffmanni or a closely related (ancestral?) species already appeared in Europe during the Late Campanian (well−documented European occurrences of M. hoffmanni are Late Maastrichtian in age). At least part of the described mosasaur material is likely to stem from periodic feeding in the area (broken−off or shed tooth crowns) or from floating carcasses (complete teeth and jaw fragments).
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