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The research was conducted in the Człuchów Forest (NW Poland). Eight research plots representing early developmental stages (forest plantation and thicket stage) of Scots pine stands were established. Five traps baited with cow dung were set in each of the plots. In total, 24,811 specimens representing 34 species of dung beetles (coprophagous Scarabaeoidea) were collected. The structure of dung beetle communities inhabiting forest plantations and thicket stages of pine stands changes in the course of the vegetation season. The culmination of the process takes place in July, when a dramatic drop in the number of both individuals and species occurs. Dung beetle communities inhabiting forest plantations and thicket stages of pine stands are dominated by earth−boring dung beetles (Geotrupidae). The proportion of individuals representing Aphodiinae and Scarabaeinae dung beetles amounts to less than 40% of the total. Anoplotrupes stercorosus plays the role of the superdominant in those communities, and Trypocopris vernalis is a superdominant or dominant species. Two communities of dung beetle were differentiated, based on the season of adult activity: spring−autumn type (characterized by high species richness and the presence of Agrilinus ater, Calamasternus granarius, Chilothorax paykulli, Copris lunaris, Esymus merdarius, Heptaulacus testudinarius, Melinopterus sphacelatus, Nimbus contaminatus, Oxyomus sylvestris and Rhyssemus puncticollis) and spring−summer type (characterized by the lowest species richness and the presence of Bodilopsis rufa, B. sordida, Geotrupes spiniger, Limarus zenkeri, Othophorus haemorrhoidalis and Rhodaphodius foetens).
Black alder is an important forest−forming species in Poland. Its wood is decomposed by many species of fungi. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. is a species of Basidiomycetes which belongs to family Ganodermataceae, order Polyporales. This fungus causes white rot decay of wood in dead and sometimes living alder trees. G. lucidum has been under partial protection in Poland since 2014. It is also red−listed as a rare species (category R – taxa with small populations) on the ‘Red list of the macrofungi in Poland’. The fungus was cut out with a sizeable fragment of wood from the alder stump in Łuków Forest District (eastern Poland) and transported to the laboratory of the Department of Mycology and Forest Phytopathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences−SGGW. Pure culture of G. lucidum mycelium was obtained from a fragment of fruitbody. The aim of this study was to investigate, through laboratory decay tests, the ability of G. lucidum to degrade alder wood. Sterilization of wood samples (30×20×20 mm) consisted of placing the material in an accelerator and irradiating it with high−energy electrons at a dose of 30 kGy at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in Warsaw. On the next day, wood samples were put into 200 ml flasks with mycelium of G. lucidum on agar−wort medium (2 samples per flask). The flasks were placed in a Heraeus BK 600 incubator for 180 days, with a constant temperature of 22°C and humidity of 80 ±5%. Every 30 days 10 flasks were randomly selected, i.e. 20 samples of alder wood from this experiment. After each incubation period the samples were removed from the flasks, cleaned to remove mycelia and dried at a temperature of 105°C until they reached constant weight. By comparing mass of the samples at the start and the end of experiment in an absolutely dry state, the relative wood mass loss was calculated. After exposure times 180 days, the relative weight loss of alder wood as a result of decay by G. lucidum mycelium was on average 10.88%. The rate of the decay was almost constant during the study period. On some alder wood samples structures resembling fruitbodies of G. lucidum were noticed.
The aim of the study was to analyse the changes in abundance and species composition of dung beetles (coprophagous Scarabaeoidea) inhabiting Scots pine stands in various stage of the development. Beetles were collected in baited traps in Człuchów Forest, Pomeranian Lake District (NW Paland). In total we collected 87,596 specimens representing 41 species (tab. 2). The structure of dung beetle communities inhabiting analysed Scots pine stands changes in the course of the forest developmental cycle. Lands adjoining to a forest, clear−cut areas and plantations are inhabited by heliophilous communities of dung beetles, with superdominant species Trypocopris vernalis and dominant species such as Anoplotrupes stercorosus, Aphodius pedellus, Euorodalus coenosus and Chilothorax distinctus (tab. 2, fig. 5a). Thicket stage, pole timber stage, and the mature stand are inhabited by umbrophilous dung beetle communities characteristic for pine stands, with superdominant species Anoplotrupes stercorosus and dominant species Trypocopris vernalis (tab. 2, fig. 5b). At thicket stage the number of dung beetles species is dramatically reduced in comparison to other developmental stages (fig. 3). Moreover, a fundamental change in species composition is observed.
Kwietnica okazała Protaetia aeruginosa (Drury, 1770) jest chrząszczem należącym do rodziny poświętnikowatych. W Polsce objęta jest ochroną gatunkową i znajduje się na Czerwonej liście zwierząt ginących i zagrożonych. Zasiedla przerzedzone i dobrze nasłonecznione fragmenty lasów liściastych ze starymi drzewami oraz stare zadrzewienia nadrzeczne, przydrożne i parkowe. Larwy żerują w próchnie wysoko położonych dziupli drzew liściastych, zwłaszcza dębów. Dla zachowania kwietnicy okazałej w Polsce najistotniejsze jest pozostawianie starodrzewi dębowych oraz starych dziuplastych dębów rosnących na obrzeżach lasów i w zadrzewieniach. W pracy przedstawiono morfologię, biologię i problemy ochrony kwietnicy okazałej, kładąc szczególny nacisk na jej występowanie w Polsce. Opisano 26 nowych stanowisk tego gatunku w kraju, których rozmieszczenie wskazuje, iż chrząszcz ten najchętniej i najliczniej zasiedla dęby rosnące w pradolinach dużych rzek.
The aim of the study was to discover habitat preferences of the forest dung beetle Anoplotrupes stercorosus (Scriba, 1791). Beetle specimens were collected using modified Barber traps in the Białowieża Forest, in 1999. In total, 14980 specimens of the forest dung beetle were collected. According to the obtained results, the optimal habitat types of the beetle in question included fresh broadleaved forest, fresh mixed broadleaved forest, fresh mixed coniferous forest, moist broadleaved forest and fresh coniferous forest. It was discovered that the beetle in question was more abundant in fresh forest habitats than in moist and boggy forest habitats or in alder swamp forests.
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