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Oyster shell powder is a potential adsorbent material that can be used to control pollution in groundwater. The current research objective is to evaluate the heavy metal ion adsorption properties by oyster shell powder in an aqueous solution. Three kinds of heavy metals (copper, cadmium, and lead) were adsorbed using oyster shell powder from aqueous solution. The effects of different temperatures, contact times, pH values, and initial concentrations were examined in order to optimize the conditions used for heavy metal decontamination. Cadmium and copper adsorption behaviours were suitable for modelling by the Langmuir isotherm, and lead adsorption behaviour was best modelled by the Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption situations fitted a pseudo second-order kinetic model. Intraparticular diffusion of heavy metal ions by oyster shell powder could be divided into two stages: rapid diffusion first, followed by a stable second stage. The maximum adsorption amount was ranked in an ascending order as that to copper, cadmium, and then lead for both single and competitive systems. The adsorption capacities of copper, cadmium, and lead ions by oyster shell powder were lower in a competitive system than in a single system, indicating that competitive adsorption could occur.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) transformation varies by genotype. Various culture parameters have been studied in order to improve the transformation efficiency of lettuce cultivars. However, no improved transformation procedure for recalcitrant lettuce cultivars has yet been established. Here, we demonstrate the effects of varying concentrations and distinct combinations of growth regulators on recalcitrant lettuce transformation efficiency. More precisely, we assessed differences in the effects of several growth regulator combinations, including N-6(2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2ip), on induction of callus and regeneration of shoots after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium. When two commercial recalcitrant cultivars, Red Romaine and Bibb, were cultured on a medium with 2ip 1 mg l⁻¹, IAA 0.1 mg l⁻¹, and subsequently transferred to a second medium with BA 0.4 mg l⁻¹, NAA 0.05 mg l⁻¹ for selection and shoot regeneration, transformation efficiencies reached 8 and 9%, respectively. Stable integration and transmission of the transgene in T1 generation plants were confirmed by molecular analysis. This procedure represents a simple, efficient, and general means of transforming various lettuce cultivars, including recalcitrant commercial cultivars.
We have recently shown that synaptic Ca2+-impearmable AMPA receptors (AMPARs) internalization in dorsal horn neurons underlies the maintenance of nociceptive hypersensitivity in infl ammatory pain. Here we have analyzed if traffi cking of extrasynaptic AMPARs is also changed during development and maintenance of persistent pain. We report that Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced infl ammation causes an increase in functional expression of extrasynaptic AMPARs in rat substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons during the maintenance rather than development of persistent pain. This increase, revealed as a signifi cant enhancement of AMPA-induced membrane currents and [Ca2+]i transients, was observed only in neurons characterized by an intrinsic tonic fi ring properties whereas no changes were observed in neurons exhibiting a strong adaptation. The increase was also accompanied by an enhancement of surface GluR1 expression and of the total amount of cobalt-positive neurons indicating an increase in a pool of GluR2-lacking AMPARs in extrasynaptic plasma membrane. These results suggest that functional changes in extrasynaptic AMPARs of tonic SG neurons that are associated with the maintenance of nociceptive hypersensitivity may also contribute to infl ammatory pain. We also suppose that there is a different contribution of tonic and transient neurons to the detection of peripheral painful stimuli and to maintenance of nociceptive hypersensitivity.
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