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The utilization of metalworking fluids in the metal machining technological process provides, apart from benefits, certain negatives that are mainly associated with air contamination of the working environment. Typical health problems that result from inhalant exposure of metalworking machine operators to the metalworking fluid mist include respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis), cancer, and skin diseases. Possible health risks posed by the utilization of metalworking fluids, various methods for measuring their concentration in the working environment, and treatment of MWFs are discussed. A typical particle size range of liquid aerosol (oil mist) is in the range from 0.1 to 10 µm and more than 75% of MWF particulate matter is located in the sphere of respirable fraction (particle size less than 5 µm) that poses the highest risk for the human body. MWF aerosol mass concentration in the working atmosphere varies depending on the type of working activity, and MWFs used in a wider range (average exposure in the range of 0.55 to 5.36 mg·m⁻³). Attention also should be paid to microbiological contamination of water-based MWFs, when they are used or stored after dilution for longer term. The most often occurring microbial species at considerable concentration is the bacteria Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Other important species include Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Morganella, Citrobacter freundii, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium, etc.
Induced air flotation (IAF) was used to recover the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHtot) from produced water (PW), a real oilfield effluent sampled from the hydrocarbon storage tanks at SONATRACH of Bejaia. Tween 80 was used as a collector at a test concentration of 0.5% (V/V%) and ethanol was used as a frother at a test dosage of 0.5 mL/1000 mL of PW. The natural presence of NaCl at greater concentrations may improve the removal efficiency of PAHtot from PW by IAF. We found that the conditioning step before initiating the flotation process is important for PAHtot recovery. A PAHtot recovery of 93.67% was achieved at 30 min of conditioning and 20 min of flotation. We also found that in the presence of Tween 80 during the conditioning step, PAHtot have a tendency to reach the water-air surface. It was disclosed that the addition of ethanol in PW during the conditioning has reduced both the conditioning time from 30 min to 10 min and the flotation time from 20 min to 12 min, which is beneficial from an economic standpoint. The effect of ethanol on the flotation kinetics of PAHtot was explained well by the Higuchi model.
Extraction of coal, gold, and polymetallic ore, as well as their modifications, has left a lot of dumps of waste material, tailings, and abandoned mines in the world. Sulphide minerals in these deposits under aerobic conditions (air and water) are liable to microbio-chemical biodegradation by litotrophic bacteria and archaea, resulting in acid mine drainage (AMD) production. Processes caused by litotrophic microorganisms, namely Acidithiobacillus sp. and Leptospirillum sp, have occurred in the soil dump of pyritized hydroquartzite in the area of Banská Štiavnica – Šobov. They bring about AMD production, with dominant components of Fe, Al, and sulphates. This article deals with active modification/treatment (gaining of Fe-sorbents, Fe-pigments) and remediation (decreasing concentration of contaminants – heavy metal, sulphate) of AMD from this area. The products of various purities, phase compositions, and properties, including surface properties, can be synthesized from AMD depending on the reaction conditions. Obtained Fe-oxyhydroxides can be transformed thermally to hematite structure (basic ferric pigment). The other method of utilizing of Fe-sludge is the creation of ferrites (general structure MFe2O4 (M – Me+2), e. g. zinc ferrite. In an application of alkaline industrial effluents, especially red mud bauxite and blast furnace slag, in batch experiment and neutralization of AMD, it has been shown that it is possible to reduce contents of Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Mn, and sulphates with these agents.
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