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The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), which is over-expressed or activated in many human cancers, including lung cancer, mediates cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Several studies indicate that blocking IGF-1R expression can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In this study, inhibition of the endogenous IGF-1R by recombinant adenoviruses encoding short hairpin RNAs against IGF-1R was found to significantly suppress IGF-1R expression, arrest the cell cycle, enhance the apoptotic response, and inhibit proliferation, adhesion, invasion and migration in A549 cells. Moreover, silencing IGF-1R decreases the expression of invasive-related genes including matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and urokinase-plasminogen activator (u-PA), and the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. These results suggest that the silencing of IGF-1R has the potential to be an effective cancer gene therapy strategy for human lung cancer.
With the continuous improvement of the economy, more and more attention has been paid to environmental problems. Beijing is China’s economic, political, and cultural center, and its low-carbon development by external concerns. In this paper, the relationship between economic development and environmental pollution is analyzed by using the symbolic regression method, which is based on the data of per capita CO₂ emissions, total energy consumption, energy intensity, and per capita GDP in Beijing city during 1980-2015. The study found that the presence of the M-curve model between per capita CO₂ emissions and per capita GDP, total energy consumption, and per capita GDP are in line with the traditional model of the EKC curve, and that the L-curve model exists between the energy intensity and per capita GDP, respectively, with promising performance. Based on our analysis, we present policy suggestions for reducing carbon emissions and developing a low-carbon economy in Beijing.
According to operation characteristics of the main engine 9K98ME-C7, a combined turbines-exhaust gas waste heat recovery system is proposed to recover waste heat and increase system energy efficiency. Thermodynamic models based on the first thermodynamic law and the second thermodynamic law are formulated. The superheated steam yield, the total electric power yield, the first thermodynamic law efficiency, the exergy efficiency at different exhaust gas boiler working pressure, and the variation of the exergy efficiency under different feed water temperature and different steam turbine back pressure are analyzed. Thermodynamic results indicate that the most appropriate exhaust gas boiler pressure is 0.8MPa for studied main engine and the total thermal efficiency with combined turbines arrangement has climbed up to 53.8% from 48.5%
Previous studies have indicated that homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors play important roles during abiotic stress, but there is no information on the functions of HD-Zip genes in a new model plant Eutrema salsugineum for studying plant abiotic stress tolerance. Here, EsHdzip1 (GenBank No. XM_006390503) belonging to the Class IV subgroup of HD-Zip transcription factor family was isolated from E. salsugineum and characterized for its physiological rolesunder drought stress conditions. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing EsHdzip1 exhibited increased drought resistance with promoted root growth and reduction of water loss. Furthermore, these transgenic plants had lower ion leakage (IL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, but higher content of osmotic solutes (proline and total soluble sugars) and activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) relative to wild-type (WT) plants when subjected to drought stress treatments. The content of abscisic acid (ABA) was also observed to be remarkably higher in the transgenic lines than WT plants under drought stress conditions. In addition, the expression levels of three important stress-related genes (NtP5CS, NtERD10C, and NtLEA5) involved in the osmotic adjustment and water maintenance were significantly higher than WT plants under drought stress conditions. Therefore, we have revealed important roles of the EsHdzip1 gene in response to drought stress, suggesting that this gene has a great potential for improving plant drought tolerance by engineering manipulation.
Phalaenopsis is one of the world’s most popular and important epiphytic monopodial orchids. The extraordinary floral diversity of Phalaenopsis is a reflection of its evolutionary success. As a consequence of this diversity, and of the complexity of flower color development in Phalaenopsis, this species is a valuable research material for developmental biology studies. Nevertheless, research on the molecular mechanisms underlying flower color and floral organ formation in Phalaenopsis is still in the early phases. In this study, we generated large amounts of data from Phalaenopsis flowers by combining Illumina sequencing with differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis. We obtained 37 723 and 34 020 unigenes from petals and labella, respectively. A total of 2736 DEGs were identified, and the functions of many DEGs were annotated by BLAST-searching against several public databases. We mapped 837 up-regulated DEGs (432 from petals and 405 from labella) to 102 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Almost all pathways were represented in both petals (102 pathways) and labella (99 pathways). DEGs involved in energy metabolism were significantly differentially distributed between labella and petals, and various DEGs related to flower color and floral differentiation were found in the two organs. Interestingly, we also identified genes encoding several key enzymes involved in carotenoid synthesis. These genes were differentially expressed between petals and labella, suggesting that carotenoids may influence Phalaenopsis flower color. We thus conclude that a combination of anthocyanins and/or carotenoids determine flower color formation in Phalaenopsis. These results broaden our understanding of the mechanisms controlling flower color and floral organ differentiation in Phalaenopsis and other orchids.
Artificial grassland establishment is one of the fastest and most effective ways to restore the productivity of degraded grasslands. Little is known about the effect of different types of artificial grassland establishment (i.e., single- and mixed-sowing grassland establishment with perennial grasses) on soil seed bank in degraded grassland ecosystems. Single-sowing population of a high yield species usually has a great standing biomass causing shading that may inhibit germination of seeds in soil seed bank. Thus, we hypothesized that there is higher species richness and seed density in the soil seed bank of single-sowing than mixed-sowing grasslands. Here, we investigated the soil seed bank in four-year old single-sowing and mixed-sowing and control (degraded) grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We found that the autumn seed bank of mixed-sowing grasslands had lower species richness and seed density than single-sowing grasslands, while the summer soil seed bank (persistent seed bank) showed little differences. There were differences in biomass among the three grasslands (single-sowing > mixed-sowing > control), but there was no differences in species richness of vegetation. In sum, our results of the autumn seed bank support our hypothesis. Greater above-ground biomass in single-sowing grasslands could generally cause low light availability preventing seeds in soil from germinating and support more seed output, which both may indirectly or directly result in the relatively higher species richness and seed density in the soil seed bank. Our results also suggest that artificial grasslands usually returning to native grasslands in terms of production and species composition after several years is likely due to stability of the persistent soil seed bank.
In the process that the submarine-launched missile exits the water, there is the complex fluid solid coupling phenomenon. Therefore, it is difficult to establish the accurate water-exit dynamic model. In the paper, according to the characteristics of the water-exit motion, based on the traditional method of added mass, considering the added mass changing rate, the water-exit dynamic model is established. And with help of the CFX fluid simulation software, a new calculation method of the added mass that is suit for submarine-launched missile is proposed, which can effectively solve the problem of fluid solid coupling in modeling process. Then by the new calculation method, the change law of the added mass in water-exit process of the missile is obtained. In simulated analysis, for the water-exit process of the missile, by comparing the results of the numerical simulation and the calculation of theoretical model, the effectiveness of the new added mass calculation method and the accuracy of the water-exit dynamic model that considers the added mass changing rate are verified
To reveal phylogeographic features of sable (Martes zibellina) in the southeast part of its range, we analyzed variability of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b gene, tRNA (Pro), tRNA (Thr) and control region (D-loop) sequences from 78 specimens in populations of the Russian Far East, northeast China, and Mongolia. Our results revealed the presence of 49 different haplotypes split into two major phylogenetic groups—clades A and B, the latter separated into two clades, B1 and B2. Comparative analysis of D-loop haplotypes in populations originating from the southeast (Russian Far East, China and Mongolia) and the west (northern Urals) portions of sable range indicated that all three mtDNA clades were present in different regional groups. However, highest diversity of clade B1 in northeast China and its nearly complete absence from the Urals suggest that the southeast sable range, being a refuge during Pleistocene glacial periods, can be considered the center of genetic diversification and possibly origin of this species. All divergence estimates fall within the Pleistocene suggesting that Quarternary glaciations played an important role in phylogeographic differentiation of sable.
To quantify the emission of airborne aetinomycetes from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), the concentration and size distribution of airborne culturable actinomycetes were examined with a six-stage cascade impactor in a municipal WWTP with oxidation ditch process in Xi'an, China from June to July 2011. Simultaneously, characteristics of airborne bacteria were also measured to compare with data of actinomycetes. Similar to airborne bacteria, the concentration and size distribution of airborne actinomycetes were found to vary greatly at different phases of the wastewater treatment process. The mean concentration of actinomycetes in the WWTP ranged from 2139±229 at the sludge dewatering house (SDH) to 902±54 CFU∙m⁻³ at the effluent outlet (EO). The largest emission source of actinomycete aerosols was detected at the SDH, with 21-fold exceeding the permissible standards recommended in the literature. The particle size distributions showed that similar single-peak distribution patterns appeared for both airborne actinomycetes and bacteria. The count median diameter (CMD) of total actinomycetes and bacteria concentration were 2.3 and 3.2 µm in the WWTP, respectively. Although the total concentration of actinomycetes was smaller than that of bacteria in the present WWTP, the respirable fraction (particles smaller than 4.7 µm in aerodynamic diameter) for actinomycetes (81.9%) was higher than that for bacteria (64.6%). The results obtained in the present research suggest that more attention should be paid to the potential health risk related to actinomycetes in studies on wastewater treatments.
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