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The total phenolic content (TPC), total fl avonoid content (TFC), and the antioxidant activity of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf, fruit pulp, seed, and peel extracts obtained using successive extraction with hexane (Hxn), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol (MeOH) were determined. The Hxn soursop seed extract was analysed by GC-MS. The highest TPC was determined in MeOH extracts. MeOH and EtOAc extracts were rich sources of fl avonoids. Generally, soursop leaf and fruit pulp extracts had the highest and the lowest both TPC and TFC, respectively. Fatty acids were dominant in the Hxn seed extract. Among antioxidants, terpenoids ((E)-nerolidolas as dominant) and phytosterols ((3-β)-stigmast-5-en-3-ol with high content) were identifi ed. The soursop seed, followed by leaf and peel extracts (MeOH and EtOAc) had the highest DPPH• scavenging activity, TEAC, FRAP, and CUPRAC. Antioxidant activity of peel extracts (MeOH and EtOAc) was particularly high in β-carotene-linoleic acid emulsion system. Strong correlations were found between TPC, TFC, TEAC, FRAP, and results of DPPH assay. In conclusion, soursop leaves and fruit seeds and peels, which are cheap, waste plant material, could be considered as a source of phenolic antioxidants with a high antioxidant activity.
In the GC-MS analysis, 81 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in hexane extracts of Cirsium creticum and Cirsium italicum. Terpenoids constituted the main fractions of C. italicum (70.95%), while hydrocarbons were most abundant compounds of C. creticum (41.11%). The antibacterial activity and antifungal activity of extracts from two Cirsium species was tested using microdilution methods. According to the results of antibacterial activity, the highest inhibition effect of C. creticum was found on B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The highest inhibition effect of C. italicum was found on B. subtilis. In the results of antifungal activity, the highest inhibition effect of C. creticum was found on P. chrysogenum and the highest inhibition effect of C. italicum was found on C. krusei. The present work is the first report on hexane extracts compounds of two Cirsium species as well as antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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