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Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in most countries in the world. In Poland, after cardiovascular disease, cancer is the leading cause of death, and the number of malignant tumors has more than doubled in the last three decades. Increased cancer mortality in the immediate future is expected to be mainly associated with lung cancer caused by smoking (both sexes), colorectal cancer (both sexes), breast cancer in women, and prostate cancer in men. It is estimated that 20 to 30% of all malignant tumors are diet-dependent, in which cases the cancer-inducing factors are the nutritional components of the food and the ‘hygiene’ of eating. Research by the Institute of Food and Nutrition in Warsaw indicates that an important factor in the prevention of cancer is also the individual’s state of awareness concerning diet. It is emphasized that running nutritional education programs, especially for children and adolescents, may help to limit the occurrence of diet-dependent cancers in Poland over the next few decades. The aim of this review is to assist the promulgation of knowledge about the importance of a high-quality diet in the prevention of cancer. The need for such knowledge is indicated by the upward trend in the incidence of these types of disease in Poland.
A vegetarian diet may be adopted for various reasons that can include ecological, economic, religious, ethical and health considerations. In the latter case they arise from the desire to lose weight, in tackling obesity, improving physical fitness and/or in reducing the risk of acquiring certain diseases. It has been shown that properly applied vegetarian diet is the most effective way of reducing body mass (expressed as BMI), improving the plasma lipid profile and in decreasing the incidence of high arterial blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, stroke, metabolic syndrome and arteriosclerosis. In addition, improved insulin sensitivity together with lower rates of diabetes and cancer has been observed. Some studies have however found that a vegetarian diet may result in changes adversely affecting the body. These could include; hyperhomocysteinaemia, protein deficiency, anaemia, decreased creatinine content in muscles and menstrual disruption in women who undertake increased physical activity. Some of these changes may decrease the ability for performing activities that require physical effort. Nevertheless, on balance it can be reasonably concluded that the beneficial effects of a vegetarian diet significantly, by far, outweigh the adverse ones. It should also be noted that the term ‘vegetarian diet’ is not always clearly defined in the literature and it may include many dietary variations.
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Body composition and nutrition of female athletes

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Background. The somatic features of the athletes’ bodies partially determine their sporting level and are conditioned to a large extent by the state of nutrition. Objective. The aim of this paper is to present nutritional status and its correlation with the somatic determinants of training athletes and physical education students. Material and methods. This study involved 12 weightlifting players (subgroup-WL), 15 soccer players (subgroup-SP), 12 table tennis players (subgroup-TT) and 12 female students of physical education (subgroup-C). In all subjects, the age and somatic variables were recorded and the daily intake of energy, water, proteins, fats and carbohydrates was determined by 24-h dietary recalls. Results. Although the analysis of variance did not show significant differences in somatic variables and nutrition data, post hoc analysis showed significant differences between some subgroups in terms of age, BMI, fat content (BF), fat-free mass (FFM) and the amount of water, protein and carbohydrates consumed during the day. It was also shown that somatic variables correlated with relatively expressed amounts of energy, proteins and carbohydrates consumed in individual subgroups, as well as in the whole group formed from all subgroups of studied women. In addition, there were significant correlations between somatic variables and the total amount of water consumed in the whole group and the total amount of protein consumed in subgroup C (p<0.05), as well as the total amount of fat consumed in subgroup WL. Conclusions. In summary, it was found that the examined women used an abnormal hypoenergetic diet with too low carbohydrate content in which were more useful relative than absolute amounts of consumed proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In this unfavorable situation, dietary education of the respondents seems to be necessary.
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W prezentowanych badaniach postanowiono zbadać różnice somatyczne u mężczyzn z nadwagą i rożnymi stopniami otyłości oraz określić zależności pomiędzy masą ciała (Mc) a wiekiem i wysokością ciała (Wc) oraz wskaźnikami Queteleta, BMI, Rohrera i smukłości. Badaniu poddano 131 mężczyzn z nadwagą i otyłością. U badanych rejestrowano wiek, Mc i Wc oraz wyliczono cztery wskaźniki wagowo-wzrostowe. Badanych podzielono na cztery grupy – w zależności od wskaźnika BMI, oraz pięć grup w zależności od wieku. Wyniki: W grupach zależnych od BMI odnotowano istotne różnice w zakresie wszystkich analizowanych zmiennych. Natomiast grupy wiekowe różniły się wiekiem i wskaźnikami wagowo-wzrostowymi. Mc mężczyzn niepodzielonych na grupy korelowała z wiekiem i wszystkimi zmiennymi somatycznymi. Ponadto stwierdzono, że podział badanych według wskaźnika BMI ujawnił największą wartość prognostyczną Wc, wskaźnika Queteleta i BMI względem Mc mężczyzn. Podział na grupy wiekowe ujawnił wysoką wartość prognostyczną wskaźnika Queteleta i BMI u mężczyzn w wieku od 19 do 62 lat, a wskaźnika Rohrera i Smukłości u mężczyzn w wieku poniżej 59 lat, w stosunku do Mc. Wnioski: Uzyskane wyniki wykazały istotną przydatność wskaźników wagowo-wzrostowych w odniesieniu do Mc mężczyzn z nadwagą i otyłością niezależnie od ich wieku, jak i po dokonaniu podziału wiekowego badanych.
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