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The use of dietary supplements has been observed for many years. Unfortunately, the status of food supplements and main differences between these and drugs remain unknown to most consumers. The purpose of the study was to analyze the opinions of future healthcare professionals on dietary supplements, their behavior concerning food supplementation, as well as their knowledge on the safety of these products.The survey was conducted among 354 future healthcare professionals, using a questionnaire composed of 21 items exploring demographic characteristics, knowledge of supplements, reasons for the use of dietary supplement, and recall of the use.All respondents knew that the purpose of using these products is supplementation. A vast majority of respondents (83.9%) thought that a diet with no supplementation is possible or probably possible. 49.4% of respondents (n=175) declared taking food supplements. The most commonly used ones (68.6%) were products recommended during illness and used to improve the condition of skin, hair, and nails. Moreover, dietary supplements mentioned by students included those containing herbal ingredients, such as: Equisetum arvense, Allium sativum, Panax ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba. Most of respondents buy dietary supplements at pharmacies (89.14%).
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of standardized Epilobium angustifolium L. extract [100 mg/kg/day, p.o.] on the expression level of 5α-reductase type 2 (Srd5ar2) mRNA and Mapk3 mRNA a representative of non-genomic xenobiotics signaling pathway. It was shown that plant extract from the E. angustifolium showed a slight tendency to reduce prostate weight in hormonally induced animals (p>0.05) and in testosterone induced animals receiving both, extract and finasteride (p<0.05). Finasteride in rats induced by testosterone caused a smaller decrease in the level of mRNA 5α-steroid reductase 2 (SRd5ar2), than in rats treated with the hormone and studied plant extracts. In general, an increase in the amount of MAPK3 mRNAs in testosterone-induced groups of rats receiving tested plant extract with or without finasteride was observed, while the expression of type 2 5α-steroid reductase decreased (p<0.05). Further experimental studies should be performed in order to understand the molecular basis of interactions, the efficacy and safety of tested plant extracts.
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of standardized crude aqueous Epilobium angustifolium L. extract [100 mg/kg/day, p.o.] on the expression level of SRC kinase mRNA - a representatives of non-genomics xenobiotics signaling pathway in prostate ventral lobes of testosterone-induced, castrated rats. We have shown that in all analyzed groups induced by testosterone an elevation of SRC kinase mRNA transcription was observed, in comparison to control animals (not receiving the testosterone), (p<0.05). Finasteride in rats induced by testosterone caused the strongest inhibition of SRC mRNA transcription (p<0.05). In rats receiving testosterone and the plant extract a ca. 90% decrease of mRNA level was observed vs. testosterone-induced animals (p<0.05), while in testosterone-induced animals receiving concomitantly E. angustifolium extract and finasteride the observed reduction reached 87.3% (p<0.05). We did not observed, however, any positive feedback between studied plant extract and finasteride in the inhibitory activity (p<0.05). Further experimental studies should be performed in order to the understanding the molecular basis of interactions, the efficacy and safety of tested plant extract.
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) encoded by the MDR1 (multidrug resistance 1) gene is ATP-dependent transporting protein which is localizated in the cell membrane. P-gp is expressed Review Article 130 A. Bogacz, D. Deka-Pawlik, J. Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, M. Karasiewicz, R. Kujawski, A. Kowalska, A. Chałas, B. Czerny, E. Grześkowiak, P. M. Mrozikiewicz mainly in organs with the secretory functions and its physiological role concerns tissue protection against xenobiotics. P-glycoprotein is involved in the permeability barriers of the blood-brain, blood-placenta directly protecting these organs. It participates in the transport of many drugs and other xenobiotics affecting their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The high P-gp activity in the cell membranes of cancer tissue is a major cause of lack of effectiveness of chemotherapy. Hence, the methods which could increase the sensibility of these pathological cells to cytostatics are still being searched. In the experimental studies it was shown that natural plant substances may have an effect on the expression level and activity of P-glycoprotein. Hypericum perforatum, Ginkgo biloba and Camellia sinensis increase P-gp activity while curcumin from Curcuma longa, piperine and silymarin inhibit this protein. Taking into account a wide substrate spectrum of P-gp, application of our knowledge on interactions of herbals and synthetic drugs should be considered in order to improve drug impact on different tissues.
One of alternative strategies in prevention and therapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is the usage of a number of traditional herbal plants. In recent years, there is an increasing interest in some members of the Epilobium genus in the treatment of BPH. So far there is no data about molecular mechanisms of action of Epilobium angustifolium L. extracts in liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the standardized water extract from the Epilobium angustifolium L. on expression level of selected P450 cytochromes encoding genes (CYP3A1 and CYP7A1) in rats liver tissues, which protein products are involved in steroids metabolism. The most abundant fraction of active compounds obtained from the extract was a phenolic fraction (24.36% m/m phenolic compounds and small amounts of flavonoglycosides – 0.91% and sterols – 0.09%). The plant extract showed the strongest and significant inhibitory CYP3A1/2 mRNA expression effect in rat liver. Our results suggest that a standardized E. angustifolium extract can regulate transcription level of investigated CYP genes in a different manner since a strong inhibition of CYP3A1 mRNA expression and slight induction of CYP7A1 may be a result of different extract action on the investigated CYP’s transcription machinery in rat liver cells.
Introduction: Despite widespread use of Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba, the data on the safety as well as herb-drug interactions are very limited. Therefore, we postulate that P. ginseng and G. biloba may modulate the activity and content of cytochrome P450 isozymes involved in the biotransformation of diverse xenobiotic substances. Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the influence of herbal remedies on the expression level of CYP enzymes and transcriptional factors. Methods: Male Wistar rats were given standardized Panax ginseng (30 mg/kg p.o.) or standardized Ginkgo biloba (200 mg/kg p.o.) for 3 and 10 days. The expression in liver tissue was analyzed by realtime PCR method. Results: Our results showed a decrease of CYP3A1 (homologue to human CYP3A4) mRNA level after P. ginseng extract treatment. The CYP2C6 (homologue to human CYP2C9) expression was also reduced. Additionally, after 10 days of the treatment with P. ginseng an increase of CYP1A1 (homologue to human CYP1A1) and CYP1A2 (homologue to human CYP1A2) expression was observed. Moreover, G. biloba extract also caused an increase of expression level for CYP1A1, CYP2C6, CYP3A1 and CYP3A2. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that herbal extracts can modulate the expression of transcriptional factors and CYP enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and chemical carcinogenesis.
As a consequence of ageing of populations and increase of life expectancy a growing interest in searching novel, safe and effective food preparations, plant origin dietary supplements or plant derived drugs, containing numerous substances that may counteract the emergence of age related disorders is observed. A clearly visible example of searching abovementioned herbal preparations is a growing interest among men suffering for urogenital disorders on preparations based in herbal plants such as: Serrenoa repens, Pygeum africanum, Urtica dioica, Cucurbita pepo, Hypoxis rooperi, Secale cereale, Zea mays. In recent years dietary supplements based on Epilobium genus representatives became very popular among patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and suffering for benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). For the confirmation or justification of the use of preparations based on Epilobium sp. in folk medicine or diet supplementation we summarized the current knowledge on biological activities of herbal extracts and oils derived from this genus and variations of phytochemical compositions. The literature analysis reveals that herb was the substance most often subjected to phytochemical analysis (leaves or stems), the next one was seed oil of Epilobiium sp. representatives. In extracts from herb flavonoids (flavonol 3-O-glycosides based on kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin or guaiaverin aglycones), tannins (macrocyclic ellagitannins – oenothein A and B) and trace amounts of sterols as well as fatty acids were identified, while in extracts from seed oil sterols (β-sitosterol, kaempesterol, stigmasterol and brassicasterol) and fatty acids (mainly stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and caproic) were most often present. The conclusions of this paper may be helpful in further extensive research concerning the evaluation the effectiveness and safety of preparations based on the basis of Epilobium sp. and Onagraceae family representatives. A knowledge of bioactive compounds in Epilobium sp. could be especially needed in designing new, safe and effective formulations of nutriceuticals and phytotherapeutics containing medicinal parts of these plants.
Ból pleców stanowi poważny problem współczesnej medycyny. Dolegliwości bólowe lędźwiowo-krzyżowego odcinka kręgosłupa są uwarunkowane wieloczynnikowo. Leczenie pacjentów cierpiących na to schorzenie powinno być kompleksowe i opierać się na rehabilitacji ruchowej i farmakoterapii. W ostatnich latach coraz częściej w celach łagodzenia bólu wykorzystywana jest również fitoterapia. Temat ten stanowi przedmiot intensywnych badań biochemicznych mających na celu określenie farmakologicznych właściwości leków roślinnych, w tym ich działania przeciwbólowego, przeciwzapalnego i wspomagającego regenerację tkanek. W tym aspekcie warto zwrócić uwagę na molekularne mechanizmy łagodzenia stanów zapalnych, w tym zdolności hamowania enzymu cyklooksygenazy (COX-2) oraz właściwości antyoksydacyjne substancji roślinnych.
For the first time hairy roots of the Rhodiola genus were obtained by infection of the of Rhodiola kirilowii plantlets with Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA 9402. First transgenic roots appeared 11 days after infection. The transformation process was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR ). DNA analysis showed that rol B gene and aux 1 gene from Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes were incorporated into the plant genome of Rhodiola kirilowii.
Breast cancer is the most common malignant cancer among women. Both drug resistance and metastasis are major problems in the treatment of breast cancer. Therefore, adjuvant therapy may improve patients’ survival and affect their quality of life. It is suggested that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) which is well known for its chemopreventive activity and acts on numerous molecular targets may inhibit the growth and metastasis of some cancers. Hence, discovering the metastatic molecular mechanisms for breast cancer may be useful for therapy.The aim of the study was to determine the effect of EGGC on the mRNA expression level of genes such as ZEB1, ABCB1, MDM2, TWIST1 and PTEN in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF7/DOX were cultured in the presence of 0.2 μM DOX and EGCG (20-50 μM). The mRNA expression level was determined by real-time quantitative PCR using RealTime ready Custom Panel 96 kit. Our results showed an important increase (about 2-fold for 20 μM EGCG + 0.2 μM DOX and 2.5-fold for 50 μM EGCG + 0.2 μM DOX, p<0.05) in ZEB1 expression levels. In case of ABCB1 gene lack of influence on the mRNA level was observed (p>0.05). We also observed significant decrease of ZEB1 expression in MCF7 cells with 20 μM and 50 μM EGCG (p<0.05). In addition, EGCG (20 μM) caused an increase of MDM2 and PTEN mRNA levels in almost 100% (p<0.05) and 40% (p>0.05), respectively. Lack of the influence of EGCG was noted for the TWIST1 gene expression. In case of MCF7/DOX we showed an increase of mRNA level of PTEN gene about 50% (p<0.05). These results suggest that EGCG may be potentially used in adjuvant therapy in the breast cancer treatment.
The understanding of the pharmacokinetic properties of synthetic drugs as well as herbal preparations used in treatment of many diseases offers a real opportunity to eliminate or minimize the interaction between the active substances. This is of particular clinical importance because it can decrease or increase the action of drugs what is the major cause of failure of pharmacotherapy. Understanding the molecular basis of interaction of substances with enzymes of drug metabolism is extremely helpful in treatment planning and its practical application. The experimental and clinical studies aimed to complete the characterization of the mechanisms of many factors that modulate the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes, can provide a lot of evidence guaranteeing the safety of herbal products.
Rhodiola kirilowii (Regel) Maxim (Crassulaceae family) is used in traditional East Asian medicine, mainly in China, to prevent damages due to hypoxic environment of high altitude. On the basis of own achievements and wide review of the published articles the authors describe the status of field cultivation as well as phytochemical and biotechnological investigations carried out on R. kirilowii (callus tissue cultures, micropropagation in vitro, somatic seeds production, hairy roots cultures). The identified chemical constituents of the extracts of roots and callus tissues of R. kirilowii are presented and divided according to chemical groups.
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is widely used as a popular beverage and dietary supplement that can significantly reduce the risk of many diseases. Despite the widespread use of green tea, the data regarding the safety as well as herb-drug interactions are limited. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the influence of standardized green tea extract (GTE) containing 61% catechins and 0.1% caffeine on the expression level of rat CYP genes and the corresponding transcription factors expression by realtime PCR. The findings showed that GTE resulted in a significant decrease of CYP2C6 expression level by 68% (p<0.001). In case of CYP3A1 and CYP3A2, the mRNA levels were also reduced by extract but in a lesser degree compared to CYP2C6. Simultaneously the significant increase in the mRNA level of CAR, RXR and GR factors was observed by 54% (p<0.05), 79% (p<0.001) and 23% (p<0.05), respectively after 10 days of green tea extract administration. In addition, there was noted a small increase of CYP1A1 expression level by 21% (p>0.05) was noted. No statistically significant differences were observed for CYP1A2 and CYP2D1/2. In the same study we observed an increase in amount of ARNT gene transcript by 27% (p<0.05) in the long-term use. However, green tea extract showed the ability to stimulate HNF-1α both after 3 and 10 days of treatment by 30% (p<0.05) and 80% (p<0.001), respectively. In contrast, no change was observed in the concentration of HNF-4α cDNA. These results suggest that GTE may change the expression of CYP enzymes, especially CYP2C6 (homologue to human CYP2C9) and may participate in clinically significant interactions with drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
Several species of Rhodiola genus (Crassulaceae family) like Rhodiola kirilowii and Rhodiola rosea are used in official or traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to determine qualitative and quantitative content of proanthocyanidins using ultra performance liquid chromatograph connected to a tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC MS/MS method) in the callus tissues and in the transformed roots (infected by Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA 9402 strain) of R. kirilowii and R. rosea. This validated assay allows to determine the content of five flavan-3-ols: (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Our results concerning the material from in vitro cultivation of R. kirilowii and R. rosea indicate that R. rosea callus can be a better source of catechin when compared with other tested materials, especially when the content of (-)-gallate epigallocatechin is taken under consideration (3.429 mg/100 g of dry powdered material). The application of UPLC MS/MS method allowed to determine the content of proanthocyanidins in tested samples with satisfactory precision and can be used in the phytochemical investigations of Rhodiola sp. in vitro cultivated tissues.
The aim of the study was the identification and quantitative analysis of phenylpropanoid compounds in the roots of Rhodiola species. Rosavin, rosarin and rosin were determined in the roots of R. kirilowii and R. rosea from the field cultivation, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants. For the quantitative analysis, the ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI MS/MS, Waters) was used. The results showed differences in the quantitative and qualitative assessments of these two species. In the root of R. kirilowii the presence of phenylpropanoids was not confirmed. In R. rosea the most common phenylpropanoid was rosavin (0.022%). The UPLC-MS/MS studies allowed to use this analytical method for determination of phenylpropanoids in the accordance with the requirements of ICH.
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