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High productive suspension cultures of Genista tinctoria were elicited (methyl jasmonate or chitosan) and permeabilised (dimethyl sulfoxide) in order to achieve a plant in vitro system rich in isoflavones, with extracellular storage profile. The maximum concentration of isoflavone aglycones (4–6 times higher than in the controlled biomass) was obtained in the suspension elicited with chitosan. All isoflavonoids were stored inside cells. In case of methyl jasmonate supplementation the total concentration of isoflavone aglycones achieved was the result of the de novo biosynthesis as well as a hydrolysis of the storage ester forms. The presence of chitosan in the medium was only associated with the production of aglycones de novo. The elicitors had no effect on the accumulation and metabolism of the basic glycoside isoflavones in the suspension. The change in the way the isoflavones were stored was achieved after supplementing the growth media with dimethyl sulfoxide. Maximum concentration of isoflavones in the medium was observed in the 7th hour of the experiment. Eventually, a plant growth system was developed, producing over 11% of isoflavones, ejected as a result of chemical permeabilisation, into the growth medium (approx. 80% of total amount of these compounds in the biomass).
The chemical composition of hydrodistilled essential oils obtained from aerial parts and roots of selected Caryopteris (‘bluebeard’) species (C. incana, C. mongolica, Caryopteris x clandonensis), as well as the newly established in vitro shoot and adventitious root cultures of the above plants, was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Essential oil content and composition differed significantly depending on the type of plant material analyzed. Adventitious roots were characterized by the highest essential oil yield, reaching 1.8 % V/DW in Caryopteris x clandonensis. Limonene and cedrol were the main components of the essential oil derived from aerial parts of the intact plants (11.9–16.0 and 10.7–10.9 %, respectively), whereas the volatile fractions of the in vivo roots of all species contained large amounts of 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-phenol (12.9–26.2 %). 1,8-cineole, absent in the intact plant materials, was the dominating volatile constituent of the essential oils obtained from in vitro shoots (24.8–34.2 %). The volatile oil derived from adventitious root cultures consisted primarily of 1-octen-3-ol (19.7–31.5 %) and medicinally relevant diterpenoids: abietatriene and trans-totarol, which were accumulated in considerable quantities, especially in the adventitious roots of C. clandonensis (21.6 and 29.2 %, respectively).
Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja (formerly Ledum palustre L.) is a medicinal peat bog plant native to northern Europe, Asia and North America. This plant has a distinctive aroma thanks to the presence of essential oil, to which it also owes its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. However, in Europe R. tomentosum is classified as an endangered species, mainly due to degradation of peatlands. In the present work, the micropropagation protocol for R. tomentosum was established for the first time, providing both an ex situ conservation tool and a means of continuous production of in vivo and in vitro plant material for further studies. R. tomentosum microshoots were initiated from leaf explants and further multiplied using Schenk- Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with 9.84 μM 2iP and 1.00 μM TDZ. The shoots were elongated on the SH medium supplemented with 24.6 μM 2iP and subsequently rooted using the perlite substrate saturated with half-strength Woody Plant medium supplemented with 1.0% sucrose and 4.92 μM IBA. The regenerated plants were hardened on the phytohormone-free SH medium and acclimatized using 3:1:1 deacidified peat:perlite:gravel substrate. The identity of the mother plant was confirmed at morphological and molecular levels and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was implemented to assess the genetic fidelity of the regenerants. The essential oil content of the maternal plant, in vitro shoots and the regenerants was determined by steamdistillation, and the obtained volatile fractions were analyzed by GC/MS.
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