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Labroides dimidiatus (Labridae) is a model fish in research concerning cleaner fish mutualism. Recent studies shows that cleaners are capable to build up complicated relationships (Bshary and Würth 2001). Cleaners recognize clients individually, they remember past interactions with clients, they may cooperate, reconcile, manipulate, cheat, produce signals out of context, and use predatory clients as social tools against aggressive clients (Bshary 2011). The apparent complexity of cleaner fish behavior makes them a particularly interesting object of comparative analysis of morphology and cytoarchitecture of brain and brain centers in telencephalon, optic tectum and cerebellum, parts of the brain potentially involved in cognitive functions related to behaviors in complex social environment (Demski and Beaver 2001). A cytoarchitectonic study shows in the telencephalic regions responsible for the control of the processes related to visual information, a complex cortical structure; a columnar arrangement of cells in the region responsible for the integration of multimodal information; and duplication of nuclei in vetral part of the telencephalon. Nuclei connected with olfactory information were poorly developed. Proportions, complexity and size of the optic tectum layers, tori semicircularis, tori longitudinalis, and the cerebellum proved diversified importance of visual organs, small role of hearing and lateral line, and complex and well developed skills associated with the spatial mapping and complex locomotion.
Labroides dimidiatus (Labridae) is a model fish in research concerning cleaner fish mutualism. Recent studies shows that cleaners possess the ability to establish complicated relationships (Bshary and Würth 2001). This well-developed network is one of the most complex interspecies communication systems known in fishes and require complex cognitive abilities (Marshall et al. 2003). It makes the cleaners particularly interesting object of comparative analysis of morphology and cytoarchitecture of brain and brain centers in telencephalon, optic tectum and cerebellum, parts of the brain potentially involved in cognitive functions related to behaviors in complex social system (Demski and Beaver 2001). Similar conclusion were drawn in primates, Carniforous and bats, where strong correlations between development of neocortex and size of social group (as measurement of the complexity of social behavior) were found (Dunbar 1992, Joffe and Dunbar 1997, Bshary and Würth 2001). According to the basic theoretical assumption, centers located in the telencephalon, optic tectum and cerebellum involved in skills associated with complex social behavior, learning and memory, differ qualitatively and quantitatively between cleaners and species with less complicated behavior.
INTRODUCTION: In biomedical research, there is a constant lookout for animal models that can help in the search for new drugs and therapies. The most commonly used are laboratory mice and rats, but their use is under pressure of the need to reduce used animals. Many experiments can be performed on simpler vertebrates such as fish, but even here the choice of species is crucial. METHOD(S): I used a comparison between the same types of experiments conducted on fish and other groups of animals based on published data. RESULTS: Regarding complex cognitive mechanisms, there is experimental evidence for diverse processes such as cognitive maps, transitive inference, complex social learning rules, referential gestures, generalization, or mirror recognition in fish. Recent research on vertebrate brains has also identified amazingly conserved structures with respect to a so-called social decision-making network, which consists of the ‘social behaviour network’ and the ‘basal forebrain reward system’. CONCLUSIONS: Given these similarities, fish seem to offer vast opportunities for testing general principles concerning social behavior and underlying cognitive mechanisms and processes. There is also a need to create special equipment to study more sophisticated behavioral tasks in fish that could be compared with that of rats and mice. Additionally, behavioral tests combined with the analysis of the brain structure will allow us to understand the differences in processing information concerning social and environmental behaviors.
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