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Agriculture is an important branch of the economy and one of the more difficult matters where negotiations between Poland and the EU arc concerned. Its contribution to GDP fell from 12.1% in 1989 to 5% in 1999, while the numbers it employed fell in the period from 5.1 to 4.2 million. These changes were accompanied by an increase in mean farm size from 7 to 8 ha, and a decrease in total numbers of farms from 2,138.000 to 1,989,000. Small-scale farming is thus undergoing polarisation, with an increase in the numbers and total area of the smallest holdings, as well as of those of more than 15 ha. Noteworthy where arable land use is concerned is the marked increase in the area of fallow land (from 1 to 11%). In turn, changes in the areas sown with crops have included an increase in the area under cereals and pasture mixes, as well as a marked dcclinc in the area under potatoes. A major fall in the use of mineral fertilisers coincided with a dcclinc in yields of cereals at the beginning of the 1990s. Even greater changes arc to be noted where livestock production is concerned. The number of head of cattle declined in the period in question by c. 35%. In the case of swine, there has not been such a clear fall in the herd size, with the changes that have been noted reflecting a move away from this kind of livestock on the smallest farms, as well as an increase in the numbers kept on large pig farms. Overall, the period 1988-96 brought an 11.4% decline in agricultural output. The profitability of sales of produce declined, while a disproportionately large increase in prices for the means of production ensured that the trade in agricultural goods with the EU was in the red from 1993 onwards. In this sense the EU is already close to Poland, while Poland remains far from the EU.
The paper is devoted to the socio-economic problems of Polish rural and agricultural space. Discussed here - against the background of a short characterisation of rural areas in Poland - are the most important social problems such as: unemployment, poverty, level of education, level of medical services and state of health of the rural population, as well as growth in that part of the population that is in old age. In the years 1990-2000, the rate of unemployment in Poland rose to 17,5%, while the figure for rural areas was of nearly 20%. The highest rates of all are to be noted in areas once dominated by the State Farms (the north and west of the country). The aforementioned period brought the greatest disparity between rural and urban incomes to be noted at any time since World War II. Agricultural income is at only around 40% of parity (Orłowski 2001), while 1997 saw 62,5% of the people from rural parts of Poland living below the social minimum, with 8,7% enduring conditions below the existential minimum. Where particular agricultural problems are concerned, the one with the longest tra-dition in Poland is probably agrarian overpopulation. A. Woś (2001) has estimated the number of people permanently dispensable in agriculture at some 1 600 000. Furthermore, at the beginning of the 1990s the efficiency of the factors of produc-tion in agriculture fell in comparison with those in other economic sectors, thereby exerting a major impact in reducing output and farm incomes.
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