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1

Examining the effect of the type of roofing on pollutant content in roof runoff waters from buildings in selected districts of the city of Gdansk

100%
Polkowska Z.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2004
|
tom 13
|
nr 2
This paper presents results of research regarding concentration levels of selected pollutants in samples of roof runoff waters from buildings. The concentrations of the following analytes were marked: organonitrogen, organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, the cations: Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2 and the anions: F-, Br-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-, furthermore, measurements of conductance and pH value were performed. Samples were collected in several districts of the city of Gdańsk (Karczemki, Osowa, Przymorze) with old and modern-type buildings with various types of roofing. Catchings were taken over a period of 6 months, always during rainfall. The results obtained allowed us to assess the presence and concentration of the given analytes contained in roof runoff waters from buildings, and so, their contribution to the general pollution of runoff waters. A correlation between the type of roofing and the level of concentration of particular analyte groups was noted, which shows that the materials that roofs are made from (as surfaces and as materials) can be an additional factor influencing the pollution of waters running off them.
2

Roofing materials as pollution emitters - concentration changes during runoff

51%
Tobiszewski M., Polkowska Z., Konieczka P., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2010
|
tom 19
|
nr 5
The influence of roofing material on concentrations of pollutants in roof runoff waters and changes of pollution concentration in time were investigated. In field studies four roofing material types were taken into consideration: ceramic tile, bituminous membrane, asbestos tile, and zinc sheeting. Samples were collected from November 2007 to March 2008. Anions, cations, metals, PAHs, pesticides, and PCBs were determined. The existence of the first flush phenomenon for most pollutants was confirmed, with concentrations up to two orders of magnitude higher in first flush compared to steady state conditions. Time trends of pollutant concentration changes were observed. Additionally, analysis of a series of samples collected from melting snow accumulated on the roof showed an increase of organic pollutant concentrations during thaw.
3

Influence of mobile sources on pollution of runoff waters from roads with high traffic intensity

51%
Klimaszewska K., Polkowska Z., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2007
|
tom 16
|
nr 6
889-897
This paper presents the results of monitoring and evaluating the degree of environmental pollution in gdańsk, Poland, based on the analysis of rainwater and runoff waters from roads with high traffic intensity. Rainwater and road runoff were collected at two sites located in gdańsk. The concentrations of the follow­ing analytes were determined: petroleum hydrocarbons (PH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Pah), heavy metals, anions, cations and pH. Road runoff from the two sites was slightly basic with average pH values ranging from 7.04 to 7.45. Heavy metals concentrations in runoff water samples were higher than in rainwater samples. Higher concentrations of heavy metals were observed in precipitation samples and runoff samples during the day, which is connected with traffic intensity. The concentration of ions, PH and PAH in runoff waters was higher than in precipitation waters and increased during the day, together with increasing traffic intensity. Overall, the results confirmed that road runoff waters are heavily polluted and their quality should be monitored.
4

Platinum group elements: a challenge for environmental analytics

51%
Dubiella-Jackowska A., Polkowska Z., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2007
|
tom 16
|
nr 3
329-345
An increased worldwide usage of platinum group elements (PGE) has been observed during recent decades. High amounts of PGE are applied in such areas as chemical industry and jewellery production, but the increased demand for these metals primarily depends on the introduction of automobile catalytic converter systems. Catalytic converters have also been considered to be a major source of PGE pollution. The similar Pt:Rh ratio, which is used in these autocatalysts, was found in various environmental samples as well. The present literature review indicates that the concentration of these metals has increased considerably in the last twenty years in different environmental matrices, resulting in ecological and human health risks. Because of the importance of PGE and their trace levels in environmental and biological matrices, sensitive methods are required for reliable determination. Details of the particular steps of analytical procedures for PGE quantification in environmental samples such as road dust, airborne particulate matter, soil, benthic sediments, water, wastewater and biological samples are discussed. Sampling and sample storage and preservation techniques are presented. Moreover, the most frequently used extraction, enrichment, detection and determination procedures for PGE are described.
5

Major ions and their relationship in rime and hoarfrost samples from highly urbanized regions

51%
Klimaszewska K., Polkowska Z., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2007
|
tom 16
|
nr 6
943-948
Rime and hoarfrost samples were collected in Gdańsk in northern Poland, and Działdowo in central Poland during winter 2003/2004 and analyzed for major ions. Analysis of the correlations between co-oc­curring ions confirmed the significant impact of the location of the sampling site (sea coast). For all ana­lyzed ions, the concentrations of hoarfrost samples collected in Gdańsk were higher than those of hoarfrost samples collected in Działdowo at the same time. The concentrations of ions in rime were observed to be less than the ion concentrations in the hoarfrost samples. The high levels of pollution concentration present in the hoarfrost samples compared to the other forms of precipitation are related to the hoarfrost crystalline lattice texture.
6

Formaldehyde in human saliva as an indication of environmental tabacco smoke exposure

51%
Demkowska I., Polkowska Z., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2010
|
tom 19
|
nr 3
573-577
The aim of this study was to present the effectiveness of the proposed sample preparation procedure coupled with the spectrophotometric technique for the determination of formaldehyde in saliva samples collected from heavy, moderate, and passive smokers. Formaldehyde levels were determined in saliva samples collected from smoking and non-smoking individuals. Formaldehyde was found in about 60% of the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 94 μg/g. The results confirmed the significant effect of tobacco smoking on formaldehyde levels in saliva samples.
7

Contaminants in aiport runoff water in the vicinities of two international aiports in Poland

51%
Sulej A., Polkowska Z., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2012
|
tom 21
|
nr 3
The general aim of the study was to evaluate environmental quality associated with the operations (combustion of fuels, cleaning of aircraft and airport aprons, aircraft and ground vehicle maintenance and repairs, fueling operations, de/anti-icing operations) of international airports located in central (Warsaw) and northern (Gdańsk) Poland. These two monitoring areas were set up to monitor PAHs, PCBs, formaldehydes, phenols, detergents (cationic, anionic, non-ionic), metals and other compounds, cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ , K⁺ , Na⁺, NH₄⁺, Li⁺) and anions (F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, NO₂⁻, NO₃, PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻, CN⁻), as well as pH, conductivity, and total organic carbon (TOC). Our paper presents the results obtained during three years (2008-11) in stormwater events in winter. The results of these studies of runoff water samples can be treated as a basis for evaluating the influence of airports on the environment.
8

Atmospheric precipitation sampling for analysis

51%
Grynkiewicz M., Polkowska Z., Zygmunt B., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2003
|
tom 12
|
nr 2
This paper reviews collectors for atmospheric precipitation (rain, fog, and run-off water). Collection systems of a different degree of automation (from simple designs to highly automated costly collectors) are presented. In many papers on collecting atmospheric precipitation neither sampling procedures nor locations of sampling sites are given, although this information is necessary for producing correct and comparable results of physical and chemical analyses.
9

Levels of pollutants in runoff water from roads with high traffic intensity in the city of Gdansk, Poland

51%
Polkowska Z., Grynkiewicz M., Zabiegala B., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2001
|
tom 10
|
nr 5
Analyses of samples of runoff waters collected from the principal arterial roads in the city of Gdansk at sites characterised by heavy traffic are described in this study. Collection of the samples was carried out over a six month period, during rain events or directly after such events. Concentrations of the following analytes were determined: nitro-, chloro-, and phosphoroorganic pesticides, volatile halogenoorganic compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as cations (Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+) and anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-). Additionally, total parameters such as toxicity and pH were also measured. The results permitted us to correlate the presence and concentration of the individual analytes with the pollution sources and evaluating the influence of the local emission sources on the degree of pollution in the area covered by this study. The analyses performed have confirmed the high pollution level in the runoff waters (from the arterial roads) and a necessity to establish a system of continuous monitoring of the concentration levels of toxic chemical compounds present in these waters. A correlation was also found between the toxicity and concentration levels of the aforementioned groups of analytes.
10

Contamination of runoff waters from roads with high traffic intensity in the urban region of Gdansk, Poland

51%
Polkowska Z., Zabiegala B., Gorecki T., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2005
|
tom 14
|
nr 6
Our paper presents the results of determination of road runoff water pollutants. Samples of runoff waters were collected at six sites with high traffic intensity located along a major transportation route from the city of Reda to the city of Gdańsk, and at one site with low traffic intensity located in Reda. Sampling was carried out over a period of two months in the fall of 2000. Additional samples were collected in March 2001. The analytes determined in the samples included organochlorine, organonitrogen and organophosphorus pesticides, selected volatile organohalogen compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as selected anions and cations. Total organic carbon (TOC) was also determined. In the petroleum hydrocarbons group, the highest concentrations were recorded for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Heptachlor epoxide and o, p'-DDE (DDT metabolite) were detected most often among the pesticides. Sulphate ions were found in all samples. Very high concentrations of sodium and chloride ions were measured in samples collected directly before the winter season. Overall, the results confirmed that road runoff waters are heavily polluted and their quality should be monitored.
11

Analytical procedures used in examining human urine samples

51%
Kozlowska K., Polkowska Z., Przyjazny A., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2003
|
tom 12
|
nr 5
The source of information about the state of our environment can be both the abiotic part of the environ­ment (water, soil, air) and samples of the biotic part, including tissues and body fluids of humans, who are continuously exposed to a wide spectrum of xenobiotic chemicals. The investigation of human body fluids (mainly blood and urine) can be a useful and interesting way to obtain information about the state of the environment. However, in order to examine the composition of physiological fluids such as urine or blood, collected samples have to be pretreated prior to final determination, because they have a very complex matrix, pre­cluding direct determination of analytes by any of the available analytical methods. This paper is a review of the literature regarding: - analyte isolation and/or enrichment techniques from samples of human urine prior to their final deter­mination; - final determination methods for a wide variety of analytes (both organic and inorganic) in urine samples. The review includes both the primary form of pollutants that entered the human body as a result of environmental or workplace exposure and the products of their metabolism in the organism. The determination of metabolites (biomarkers) in urine is often used as a quantitative indicator of ex­posure to a given substance (so-called biomonitoring).
12

Determination of concentrations of chemical components in precipitation over nonindustrialized regions in the vicinity of Gdansk

51%
Polkowska Z., Grynkiewicz M., Przyjazny A., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
1999
|
tom 08
|
nr 6
The paper presents the results of determination of concentrations of chloride, sulfate, phosphate, ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions along with total nitrogen, pH and electrolytic conductivity for precipitation collected in nonindustrialized regions near Gdansk (Poland). A station used for the collection of samples of precipitation consisted of two substations, on of which was located in a deforested area (clearing), while the second was situated in a spruce forest. The samples were collected over a period of one year, from March 2, 1996 to February 1, 1997. Concentrations of chloride, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate and ammonium ions and of total nitrogen were determined spectrophotometrically. Sodium, potassium and calcium ions were determined using flame photometry while magnesium ions were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. pH and electrolytic conductivity of the samples were also measured.Keywords: deposition; precipitation; throughfall; sampling; analysis
13

Studies on intercorrelation between selected persistent organic pollutants [POPs] and ions in sea water from the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea, Gdansk Bay region

51%
Polkowska Z., Astel A., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2005
|
tom 14
|
nr 5
The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed brackish sea with only limited water exchange with the North Sea and, thus, the North Atlantic. This salty water reservoir with water residence time of approximately 25 years is contaminated with many inorganic and organic pollutants: VOCl (Volatile Organohalogen Compounds), HC (Petroleum Hydrocarbons), OPNP (Organophosphorus and Organonitrogenous Pesticides), OCP (Organochlorine Pesticides), PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and heavy metals. Our paper presents monitoring results and sea environmental pollution assessment of the Southern Baltic coastal zone- the area of the Gdańsk Bay, based on the analysis of sea water samples. A set of various analytes were determined: PAH (16 analytes), VOCl (6 analytes), HC (9 analytes), OPNP (8 analytes), OCP (5 analytes), heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu). The results were subjected to full statistical evaluation. An assessment of sea environment contamination was made by characterization of pollution sources and the definition of intercorrelations between them. The characterization of major statistically important correlations between 45 variables was performed with the use of principal component analysis technique. From the performed PCA it arose that the factor configuration was similar for all sampling points and in all cases 5 factors explain over 60% of the data variance, and the statistically significant loading factors are higher than 0.7 (with p=0.05). Additionally, analysis of variance and time series analysis were applied to define important differences between chemical species’ concentration levels in time and in accordance with sampling points’ geographical location. As a result of time series analyses carried through with consideration to sampling points, there were no statistically important differences discovered in trends of changes from 1996 up to 1999 for any of examined groups of compounds.
14

Sample handling and determination of physico-chemical parameters in rime, hoarfrost, dew, fog and cloud water samples - a review

51%
Skarzynska K., Polkowska Z., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2006
|
tom 15
|
nr 2
Our paper discusses many types of samplers used for collecting samples from precipitation and atmospheric deposits (fog and cloud water, dew, hoarfrost and rime). Equipment of various degrees of automation is presented. The paper also presents bibliographical information on the concentration range of inorganic and organic compounds in precipitation and atmospheric deposit samples, the storage and/or preparation of samples for analysis, and the techniques of final determination.
15

Determination of phenols in runoff

51%
Grynkiewicz M., Polkowska Z., Kot-Wasik A., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2002
|
tom 11
|
nr 1
An analysis of concentrations of phenols in runoff in the area of Gdańsk was performed during one month of heavy rain. Five sampling places localised along streets of heavy traffic were selected. Phenol and 3,4-dimethylophenol were most often found in samples, while concentrations of phenol (120.3 – 911.6 ng/l), chlorophenol (613 ng/l) and p-nitrophenol (469.4 ng/l) were the highest.
16

Snow cover studies: a review on the intensity of human pressure

45%
Cichala-Kamrowska K., Blas M., Sobik M., Polkowska Z., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2011
|
tom 20
|
nr 4
Snow cover should be treated as a highly dynamic medium. A variety of physical and chemical processes interact to alter its chemical composition and affect the metamorphism of its individual crystals and layers; this, in turn, has a direct influence on their mutual adhesion, and ultimately on the stability of the entire snow cover. The literature data here reported provide basic information on the forms of solid precipitation, the types of snow and their generation, as well as the formation, stability, and chemical composition of snow cover in terms of a broad spectrum of inorganic compounds and of the levels of certain organic compounds in snowpit sampled in mountain regions in Poland and elsewhere in the world.
17

Comparison of ion chromatography and isotachophoresis for the determination of selected anions in atmospheric wet deposition samples

45%
Klimaszewska K., Konieczka P., Polkowska Z., Gorecki T., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2010
|
tom 19
|
nr 1
93-99
Isotachophoresis using coupled capillaries (ITP) and ion chromatography (IC) – two analytical procedures for the determination of anions in atmospheric wet deposition – were compared. Both techniques were used for the determination of anions in small volume samples of dew, rime and fog deposition. IC was characterized by lower limits of detection and quantitation. The wide dynamic range of the technique made it suitable for accurate and precise determination of the analytes in samples of widely different matrices and analyte levels. No significant differences were observed between the two techniques in terms of time- and labor intensity.
18

Effect of transregional transport of pollutants on atmospheric air quality in the Tricity area of Poland

45%
Astel A., Mazerski J., Polkowska Z., Zygmunt B., Namiesnik J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2003
|
tom 12
|
nr 1
Two-dimensional variance analysis of the results of determination of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, F⁻, Al³⁺, Cl⁻, NH₄⁺,PO₄³⁻, Fe³⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, and pH and electrolytic conductivity of precipitation water samples collected in the Tricity area showed that transregional transport of pollutants affects air quality in this region. Over the large area of the Tricity agglomeration fluctuations in analyte concentrations in precipitation water samples are not affected on a statistically significant level by localizing sampling sites, but the area affected by transport direction of air mass movement.
19

Tendencies of change in the chemistry of precipitation at three monitoring stations 1996-1999

39%
Walna B., Polkowska Z., Malek S., Medrzycka K., Namiesnik J., Siepak J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2003
|
tom 12
|
nr 4
This study compares the results of three stations differing greatly in geography, and tendencies of change in the chemistry of precipitation (open and throughfall) in the years 1996-1999. The mean annual pH is lower than 5.2, and often drops below 4.6. A distinct decline in the concentrations of sulphate ions at all the stations is observed.
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