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The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the rank and period of lactation, and the daily milk yield on the levels of selected macro-, micro- and ultraelements (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, S, Se, Zn) in cows’ hair. The experiment was carried out on 93 Holstein-Fresian dairy cows aged from 3 to 5 years, kept in the same breeding conditions. The method of atomic emission measurement with an optical spectroscopy technique was used. The factors analyzed were found to exert significant influence on the levels of Cr, Fe, K, Mo, and Na in cows’ hair.
The aim of the study was to compare the levels of selected toxic elements in hair of horses of two breeds, held in areas free of industrial pollution. The research was con- ducted on free range Hucul mares ( n =40) and Purebred Arabian mares ( n =40) kept in a mixed stable-pasture system. The content of 9 elements (arsenic, barium, cadmium, mercury, germanium, lithium, lead, tin and strontium) was determined in each trial. The hair of Purebred Arabian mares was characterized by significantly higher levels of arsenic, barium, mercury, lead, tin and strontium. The differences were statistically significant. Cadmium and germanium, on the other hand, were significantly higher in the hair of Hucul mares. Lithium was found to be on a similar level in both breeds i.e., 0.150 mg kg –1 of dry mass in Hucul horses and 0.142 mg kg –1 of dry mass in Purebred Arabian horses. There was a significant positive correlation between the levels of mercury and arsenic observed in the hair of horses of both breeds. Arabian mares displayed a very high correlation between the levels of barium and lead, barium and tin, and between tin and lead.
The present study involved the observation and recording of behavior (vocalizing, defecating, moving about, charging door) in 12 pre-weaned Arab foals when the mare was isolated for a short period. The aim of the study was to determine whether the behavioral signs of distress exhibited were reduced if a novel item appeared in the foal’s stall during the period of separation. The behavior of the foals was observed during two 3 min test sessions of dam’s isolation from foal (mare out of stable; no contact with foal): session 1 - without environmental modification and session 2 - with environmental modification (the foal’s stall enriched by a visual item: a plastic multicolored ball). Separated foals vocalized significantly (P = 0.004) more and charged the door significantly (P = 0.02) more times than “environmentally enriched” foals. When exposed to multicoloured ball, the foals showed item directed behaviours. Therefore, the presence of an enriching item in the stall with a pre-weaned Arab foal while its dam was taken for a short period reduced some behavioral signs of distress displayed and could eliminate the risk of injuring itself.
Celem pracy była analiza wykorzystania środków finansowych przez rolników z terenu województwa podkarpackiego w ramach realizowanego pakietu rolnośrodowiskowego dotyczącego zachowania lokalnych ras koni (wariant 7.2). Materiał badawczy stanowiły dane pochodzące z dokumentacji Okręgowego Związku Hodowców Koni w Rzeszowie i Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego za lata 2005-2012. Oszacowano udział objętych ochroną w ramach programu sztuk w odniesieniu do utrzymywanego pogłowia danej rasy na terenie województwa, liczbę klaczy utrzymywanych w gospodarstwach oraz wysokość pozyskanego finansowania. W przypadku wszystkich analizowanych ras stwierdzono wzrost liczby klaczy objętych programem ochrony. Największą populację na terenie województwa podkarpackiego we wszystkich edycjach stanowiła rasa huculska, co z wielu względów należy uznać za zjawisko korzystne. Zaobserwowano również wyraźny wzrost liczby gospodarstw utrzymujących minimalną, z punktu widzenia wymagań pakietu 7.2, liczbę klaczy analizowanych ras. Wskazuje to, iż dopłaty nie są czynnikiem znacząco wpływającym na rozwój gospodarstw utrzymujących konie ras objętych programem ochrony zasobów genetycznych.
The study aimed at testing the hypothesis that mares’ fearfulness is a potential factor differentiating the level of their maternal behaviour. Twenty purebred Arab mares were used. In part one of the study fearfulness of mares without foals was assessed by their behavioural reactivity and heart rate in response to rotating black-white squares (fearfulness test). On that basis the mares were classified into three groups: (1) fearless, n=8, (2) medium-fearful, n=7 and (3) fearful, n=5. In part two,maternal behaviour of mares was assessed in two sessions of separation test: 3 min dam’s partial separation from foal (mare out of box, but with visual, auditory and olfactory contact with foal) and 3 min full separation (mare out of stable, no contact with foal). Locomotor activity, vocalization and defecation frequency as well as heart rate in mares were recorded during both separation tests. The results showed a relation between mares’ fearfulness and their maternal behaviour. Fearless dams vocalized more (10.63±5.32, mean rank 13.00, P<0.05) and showed higher heart rate (138.00±22.66 beats/min, mean rank 15.40, P<0.05) when totally separated from their foals, compared to fearful dams (4.00±3.74 calls, mean rank 6.10; 116.00±20.32 beats/min, mean rank 7.23, P<0.05). Thus, fearless dams generally displayed higher maternal ability which is vitally important in successful breeding. In conclusion, selecting for low fearfulness ensures appropriate maternal behaviour of the brood mares.
The aim of this study was to evaluate selected behavioural traits of cows in milking parlours in relation to parameters of milk performance. Behavioural observations were carried out on 93 cows residing in parallel milking parlours. The study investigated such behavioural and performance parameters as the cows' reactivity before and during milking, the time needed to fit the milking cluster, order of entering the milking parlour, ratio of milking location stability, number and stage of lactation, duration of the milking and milk yield. The order of entering the milking parlour is dependent upon the level of the cows' behavioural reactivity and cows occupying the first places in the milking parlour had a high ratio of milking location stability.
Human-dog interactions not only shape interspecies relationships in the social context, but also affect the emotional and psychological state of both man and animal. One consequence of living in a developed and urbanized environment is an increase in the occurrence of civilization diseases, which include psychological and emotional disorders occurring not only in humans, but also in animals. The aim of the study was to analyze selected behavioral problems of dogs in the context of their equivalents among human mental illnesses. Such similarities have been demonstrated in early-development disorders, affective disorders, personality disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The development of knowledge about emotional disorders manifested by dogs may have significant importance in the prevention and treatment of human mental illnesses by providing information about their genesis, neurophysiological basis and heritability.
Implantation of transvenous devices is a widespread procedure in clinical cardiology. It is well known that the presence of the electrodes in the cardiovascular system can induce fibrosis or fibrous adhesions between them and cause tricuspid regurgitation. Moreover there are suggestions that the placement of the electrode in the tricuspid orifice may also play a role in the development of tricuspid insufficiency because of the thickening of reactive leaflets and the impairment of their mobility in morphological studies. There are no papers regarding the topography of the electrode in the right ventricle judged by means of transthoracic echocardiography. Moreover in literature we did not meet reports comparing the localisation of the lead on the tricuspid valve function. Therefore we decided to describe the detailed topographic relations between the lead and the structures of the right ventricle in a larger population and we compared the influence of the lead location for tricuspid valve function. Research was carried out on a group of 86 patients (52 M, 34 F), with a mean age of 64.7 ± 14.9 years with permanent cardiac pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). On the basis of echocardiograms performed we assessed the position of the lead regarding the tricuspid valve leaflets or commissure, and judged the course of the lead beneath the tricuspid valve level. Moreover special attention was focused on the placement of the tip of the electrode. We qualified its position into three categories: apex of the right ventricle, right ventricle outflow tract, and “para-apex” position. The degree of the tricuspid valve insufficiency was assessed by means of semiquantitative method based on the Color-flow Doppler echocardiography. We measured the extension and the area of the tricuspid regurgitant jet using four-gradual scale. We compared the topography of the lead at the level of the valve with its function by means of the presence and degree of its regurgitation. We stated that in 35% of cases the pacing lead was located at the level of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve, in 23% at the level of the septal leaflet and in 12% at the posterior one. Besides in 10% the electrode was placed between the leaflets just over the commissures. On the other hand in the remaining 20% the lead was positioned centrally in the right atrioventricular orifice without adherence to any leaflet. Next we assessed the course of the lead beneath the tricuspid valve level and stated that most frequently (45%) it run just across the centre of the right ventricle, and in other cases was lying along the interventricular septum (in 39% of cases) or along the anterior wall of the right ventricle (in 16%). The tip of the lead was positioned exactly in the apex of the right ventricle in 74%, in the right ventricular outflow tract in 9% and in 17% its position was “para-apical”. We did not see any statistically significant differences between the presence and intensification of valve regurgitation and topography of the lead. We concluded that at the level of the tricuspid valve the lead was positioned in the anteroseptal part of tricuspid annulus and the proper apical position of the electrode’s tip occurred in approximately 75% of cases. Localisation of the electrode at the level of the tricuspid orifice does not influence its insufficiency as detected by Doppler echocardiography.
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