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The aim of the article was to present the cooperative banking system functioning in the United States of America. Article was related to the organizational structure of the system and basal its functions. The analysis showed that the US cooperative banks are focus on their activities on financing activities of farms and agricultural enterprises by providing them with loans. More than 85% of the loan portfolio structure of The Farm Credit System were loans in the amount not exceeding 250 thous. USD.
The aim of this study was to identify efficiency of co-operative bank and its character of activity. In the studies were used 5 measure of the efficiency: return on assets, return one quity, net income, earnings perl employee, C/I and the financial margin. The results showedthat ingood times theco-operative banks whit universal character wascharacterized by higherefficiencythan co-operative bankswhit agricultural character, but during the economic slow down co-operative banks whit agricultural character were characterized by higher efficiency.
This study endeavors to indicate the best method for Poland’s cooperative (co-op) banks operating in rural areas to assess credit risk as an element of financial security. Retail customers’ data was used from rural co-op banks which had granted these clients credits in 2012 to 2014. The total of credit applications analyzed was 1,170. The data analysis confirms that the most effective method of rural client risk assessment for co-op banks considered in this study is the logistic regression model since this model shows a highly accurate efficiency in identifying ‘bad’ and well as ‘good’ clients.
The aim of the research was to indicate assets related to the export of dairy products. This was addressed to milk producers, co-operatives and bankers influencing the level of milk prices - after the elimination of the quota system and an indication of desirable investment destinations. The study was based on USDA data for the period 2005-2014. Average purchase prices, expressed in USD, were used for the analysis of the US market. The assumed average annual exchange rate of EUR/USD, calculated on the basis of exchange rates on the interbank market, was applied. Eurostat data were also used; the weight average price was the volume of production in the 25 countries of the EU (new EU countries were omitted). The study used the multiple regression method, t and F tests and coefficients of correlation, regression and determination. It was established that after the removal of the quota system, milk prices may rise due to an increase of prices and export value of hard cheeses traded internationally, especially cheddar cheese and skimmed milk powder.
Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań wskazano kluczowe wskaźniki ekonomiczno-finansowych ze względu na prognozowanie zagrożenia bankructwem przedsiębiorstw z branży handlu hurtowego żywnością, napojami i wyrobami tytoniowymi. Ponadto, skonstruowano branżowy model predykcji zagrożenia bankructwem dla przedsiębiorstw z badanej branży. Badania wykazały, że kluczowymi zmiennymi dla oceny zagrożenia bankructwem przedsiębiorstw z tej branży okazały się: iloraz kapitału własnego i przychodów ze sprzedaży, różnica średniej wartości wskaźnika płynności szybkiej dla danej branży i jego wysokości w badanym przedsiębiorstwie oraz tempo zmian zobowiązań krótkoterminowych z ostatniego roku względem roku wcześniejszego.
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The paper presents problems related to the costs incurred for environmental protection in Polish dairy cooperatives. It was found, inter alia, that the costs of environmental protection in this industry sector are high and are rising rapidly. The costs of sewage disposal and treatment are of key importance as they represent the largest share in the total costs of environmental protection, i.e. nearly 95%. In 2018, they amounted to approximately PLN 1.5 million per cooperative, which was almost three times more than in 2004. Other environmental protection costs account for approximately 5% of total environmental protection costs. So, the key to environmental success in dairy cooperatives is rational wastewater management. Therefore, it is advisable for managers to consider building their own wastewater treatment plants with sizes and parameters appropriate to the scale of milk processing and the number of finished product ranges produced. The study also found that the costs of training employees and farmers on environmental protection are low, which may suggest the desirability of increasing them according to real needs, so as to ensure an appropriate level of understanding and persuasion of farmers-shareholders for further investments related to environmental protection. It was also found that the scale of milk processing and the number of manufactured assortments strongly affect the total costs of environmental protection of dairy cooperatives in Poland. Legal requirements regarding environmental protection are so restrictive and economically effective that their omission may lead to increasing financial, management, technological and legal difficulties. Therefore, the compliance of dairy cooperatives with legal environmental requirements is a must, which should generally be assessed positively.
Celem badań było określenie kierunków rozwoju polskiej bankowości spółdzielczej w opiniach zarządzających bankami spółdzielczymi. Przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące kierunków rozwoju polskiej bankowości spółdzielczej według opinii zarządzających tymi bankami na koniec 2012 r. Badaniami objęto 133 banki funkcjonujące w ramach gospodarki polskiej. Banki spółdzielcze stają przed koniecznością przyspieszenia rozwoju, bezpieczeństwa oraz wzmacniania pozycji rynkowej. Zarządzający bankami spółdzielczymi powinni podejmować działania zmierzające także do zapewnienia swoim klientom coraz sprawniejszych form obsługi.
Presented is the indicator analysis in the process of financial security management for Poland’s wholesale foods sector. The study examined 160 wholesalers of foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco products (Polish commercial classifications – PKD – from 46.31z to 46.39z), during the period 2008–2014. The study took advantage of corporate balance sheets, and profits and loss accounts of firms organized as limited liability entities and companies for scrutiny were chosen randomly. It was found that wholesaler liquidity difficulty is a signal for other entities of financial commercial stress which can consequently indicate difficulty in payment for entrusted goods. The study confirmed that the scrutinized companies have difficulty in improving their liquidity and profitability, potentially leading to bankruptcy as a result of negative opinions from potential investors.
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