The basic fuel properties of select polymer wastes such as moisture content; elemental composition; caloric value; content of combustible, non-combustible, and volatile substances, and results of stechiometric calculations of total and partial combustion of particular polymers are presented in this manuscript. The tests were based on polymers commonly used in many branches of the economy, for example in the construction, automobile, pharmaceutical, and packaging industries, as well as in gardening.
Packaging waste is a significant portion of municipal solid waste. It is made mainly of polymers of petroleum, which are usually non-biodegradable and are in many cases difficult to be recycled or reused. In recent years, the development of biodegradable packaging materials from renewable natural resources has gained more attention, especially in the EU. The use of biodegradable materials is expected to have a lower environmental impact than traditional materials based on non-renewable raw materials. The LCA environmental impact analysis of biodegradable plastic used in the packaging industry and comparison to other materials as well as the results of physicochemical analyzes are presented here, in addition to a discussion on the effects of replacing petroleum materials with biodegradable materials.
Background. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) can be found in temperate climate zones of Europe, Africa and America Nettle may be a source of nutritional ingredients, mineral salts, vitamins and antioxidants. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of temperature and brewing time Urtica dioica L. infusions from different parts of this plant on vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content. Material and methods. Infusions of nettle leaf, stem and root were prepared at room temperature, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 80°C for 10 minutes. Leaf infusions were also brewed for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes at initial water temperature of 60°C. The amount of vitamin C was determined by the spectrophotometric method. Results. The best temperature of brewing nettle infusions, in terms of vitamin C concentration, is between 50 °C and 60 °C as it is sufficient to extract the substance, yet not high enough to destroy it. Conclusions. The optimal time of brewing appeared to be 10 minutes as the prolonged exposure to high temperature appeared to be detrimental for ascorbic acid as well.
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