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Stanisław Wolfarth graduated at the Medical Academy in Kraków in 1963. He worked for over 40 years at the Institute of Pharmacology PAS, where he was a head of the Department of Neuropharmacology (1971–2003). Studies on the role of the basal ganglia in development of Parkinson’s disease became a passion of his life. One of his fi rst achievements was the fi nding that clinical relationship termed dopaminergic-cholinergic balance resulted from interactions of complex neuronal systems including the substantia nigra, striatum and other structures. He demonstrated that GABAergic pathways connecting the substantia nigra, thalamus and zona incerta - lateral hypothalamus controlled the muscle tone, and played a crucial role in initiation of movements. He was one of the authors of a prototypic device for objective measurement of the muscle tone of rat’s hind paw which is now the only apparatus of this type worldwide. Within the last 15 years he found antiparkinsonian properties of ligands of NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors in animal models, and discovered that muscle stiffness in the elderly had completely different pathophysiological basis than parkinsonian muscle rigidity. He was deeply involved in several international co-operations, was an author of over 90 scientifi c papers, and for his pioneer discoveries was highly prized by many scientifi c organizations. His works are characterized by amazing coherence of research objectives, consistency and up-to-dateness.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid neurotransmitter, is involved in the regulation of emotional behavior and its role in the central responses to peripheral immune challenge is postulated. Plasma NPY levels rises in human sepsis and NPY improved survival in the experimental endotoxic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Some of the behavioral effects of LPS, anorexia, depression and anxiety-like behavior are also modulated by NPY. Therefore, in the present study tried to fi nd out if LPS affected NPY neurons in mouse hippocampus, a structure most susceptible to damage and involved in the regulation of emotion. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with LPS (1 m/kg, i.p.) and their brains were taken after 6 or 24 h. The brains were fi xed with paraformaldehyde, cut into frontal sections containing the dorsal hippocampus and processed by immunohistochemistry using an NPY antibody. NPY-immunoreactive neurons were counted stereologically in hippocampal subregions CA1+2, CA3 and DG+hilus, and results were statistically analysed. It was found that after 24 h LPS decreased by ca. 38% the number of NPY-positive neurons in the hippocampal CA regions. The effect was particularly signifi cant in the CA3 area. Moreover, staining intensity was diminished. The obtained results indicate a decrease in NPY expression in the hippocampus, which may be due to the peptide release induced by LPS infl ammatory action. Supported by MS&HE.28/E32/ BWSN-0053/2008.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid peptide widely distributed in the nervous system, inhibits glutamatergic transmission and decreases hippocampal epileptiform activity which may lead to neuroprotection. Such effects were observed in some earlier studies, but results are divergent and the role of particular Y receptors remains unclear. In the present study we investigated a possibility of neuroprotective action of neuropeptide Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptor specifi c ligands in rats in two in vivo models of brain damage. In the fi rst model, kainic acid (KA)(2.5 nmol/1 μl) was microinjected into the CA1 region of the rat dorsal hippocampus and the peptide compounds (470 pmol/1 μl) were injected in the same region 30 min, 1 h or 3 h after the kainate. Seven days later the brains were taken for histology and number of neurons in CA pyramidal layer was evaluated by stereological counting. It was found that, Y2 agonist (NPY13- 36) and Y5R agonist ([CPP1-17,NPY19-23,Ala31,Aib32Gln34] hPP), injected 30 min or 1 h but not 3 h after the KA, signifi cantly diminished KA-induced hippocampal lesion. Contrary Y1 agonist ([Leu31,Pro34]-NPY) did not induced any protection but had a tendency towards an increase of the degeneration. The most promising Y2 agonist was tested also in the second model, focal cerebral ischemia after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The peptide was injected icv (10 μg/6 μl,), 30 min after MCA occlusion. It signifi cantly diminished MCAO-induced brain damage evaluated by TTC staining. Our results indicated neuroprotective effects of Y2 and Y5 activation. Moreover we found that the peptides may be effective after delayed (30ñ60 min) application.
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