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1

Morphometric characteristics of the optic canal and the optic nerve

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Radunovic M., Vukcevic B., Radojevic N., Vukcevic N., Popovic N., Vukcanovic-Bozaric A.
Folia Morphologica
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2019
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tom 78
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nr 1
Background: The optic nerve (ON), a major component of the visual system, is divided into four segments: the intrabulbar (IB), the intraorbital (IO), the intracanalicular (ICn) and the intracranial (ICr). The ICr ends with the two nerves partially decussating in the optic chiasm (OCh). The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed description of the dimensions of the OC (the diameter and the surface area of its foramina and the central segment, as well as the length of the OC and the thickness of its walls) as well as the ON (the length of the ON segments, the diameter of the ICn segment of the ON, the angle of decussation in the OCh, as well as the distance between the two ON at the cranial foramen of the OC). Materials and methods: The acquired data was then used to estimate the volume of the OC and the ICn segment of the ON. The morphometric research was performed on 25 cadavers (17 male and 8 female) and 30 skulls. Results: The surface area of the central segment of the OC was significantly smaller than the cranial foramen (p = 0.02) and the orbital foramen (p = 0.009). The inferior wall of the OC was significantly shorter than the other OC walls (p < 0.0001). The IO segment of the ON was the longest, where the difference to the ICn and ICr was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The surface area of the ON at the cranial foramen was significantly larger than the surface area at the central segment of the OC (p = 0.02) and orbital foramen (p < 0.0001). The difference between the surface areas of the ON at the orbital foramen and the central segment of the OC was also statistically significant (p = 0.01). The estimated volume of the OC was calculated to be 190.72 mm³, and the volume of the ICn segment of the ON was estimated to be 50.25 mm³. Conclusions: It is absolutely crucial to open the central segment of the OC when decompressing the ON, due to the narrowing of the OC in this segment. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 1: 39–46)
2

Bilateral anatomic variation in the relation of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus to the anterior scalene muscle

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Radunovic M., Vukcevic R., Abramovic M., Vukcevic N., Radojevic N., Vuksanovic-Bozaric A.
Folia Morphologica
|
2019
|
tom 78
|
nr 1
The brachial plexus represents a field of many anatomical variations with important clinical implications, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). The case described in this paper presented a novel bilateral variation in the relation of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus to the anterior scalene muscle. The ventral rami of the C5 and C6 spinal nerves perforated the anterior scalene muscle simultaneously through a common opening, and joined to form the upper trunk. Previous literature reports described variations of the brachial plexus and the scalene muscles, as well as the embryological basis for their presence. The case reported herein helps to improve the comprehension of the TOS, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutical approach to this syndrome. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 1: 195–198)
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