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The aim of this article is to set out certain possibilities related to the simplification of the superovulation protocols (SOV) in cattle. The traditional protocols, which have been in use for decades, include as standard several injections of FSH preparations. Due to the widespread increase in the importance of the animals’ welfare, alternative options for its administration are now being sought. Appropriate selection of gonadotropin as well as the dose and ratio of hormones makes it possible to limit undesirable effects such as prolonged ovarian stimulation. Adjuvants such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, hyaluronic acid or aluminium hydroxide enable the extension of the absorption time of FSH preparations, thus reducing the amount of FSH injections. A single deposition of hormones dissolved in aqueous solutions is possible when it is administered via alternative routes, such as subcutaneous or epidural. Reduction of the amount of FSH injections may directly translate into a decrease of the stress level in animals treated by the SOV protocols and also to the improvement of the efficiency of embryo production. A significant risk factor remains the high variability of superovulation. Its effectiveness depends on a number of generally well known individual and environmental factors that should also be considered when joining SOV.
Early diagnosis of pregnancy in cattle is an important factor determining the profitability of breeding. It can shorten the intercalving period by accelerating the next insemination procedure or diagnosing the cause of infertility. Palpation of the reproductive system per rectum is a method used for more than 100 years. It involves palpation of the uterine horns to detect the fetal vesicle, fetus water and the embryo itself. The earliest time when the fetal bladder can be detected is the 28th day after insemination in heifers or the 32nd-35th day in multiparous cows. The method is fast and cheap, it does not require additional equipment, and the result is immediate. An effective examination by this method is not easy and requires theoretical and practical preparation. The method also involves the risk of causing fetal damage, resulting in the loss of pregnancy and deterioration in the cow’s well-being. An upgrade of the method is the introduction of ultrasound rectal examination, which increases the efficiency of diagnosis and shortens the time from insemination to examination. Despite its long history, the diagnosis of early pregnancy by rectal examination has not lost its importance or popularity. Although new methods of diagnosing pregnancy continue to be introduced in today’s practice, they do not diminish the importance of rectal palpitation.
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