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Raising farm animals under poor conditions results in the occurrence of different painful diseases and worsening of the health condition of animals. Pain plays an important warning and protective role in the organism. Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. The mechanism of the formation and sensation of pain is complex and not fully known. This is a review paper about pain issues in poultry production which are related to various movement disorders, such as: lameness, arthritis, dermatitis and bone fractures. Additionally, we describe some of the problems associated with pain occurring during slaughter of poultry and the use of painful procedures, such as: beak trimming, live plucking for down, or force-feeding for foie gras.
Legal protection of animals used in experiments in the EU is based on provisions of the European Convention passed in 1986 in Strasburg on the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. Animal protection rights is subject to evolution. At the end of the last year, the European Parliament and Council Directive was enforced on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, which is to approximate member states’ legal regulations and improve minimal standards of experimental animal welfare. To lower the scale of using test animals, the Directive promotes the principles for replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals in experiments and supports applying alternative methods. The directive’s stipulations have to be implemented into the Polish legal system by the end of 2012. In Poland, experiments on animals may be carried out only in authorized scientific units and this is directly supervised by local ethics committees for experiments on animals as well as by the Veterinary Inspection.
In Poland, there are eighteen local animal research committees, members of which include experts in biology, medicine, agriculture, veterinary science, and humanities, as well as representatives of non-governmental animal protection organizations. Committees authorize experiments at the request of persons in charge of a testing procedure. A testing procedure application must describe the procedure and specify its objective; this includes the list of all steps in the procedure, animal species and the number of animals to be used, as well as a justification of the need to use the animals. Local committees decide whether the procedure is ethically acceptable on the basis of the 3R principle, weighing the potential advantages and possible damage. Later, they monitor how the procedure is run. Committee members are entitled to inspect research units where the testing takes place.
Polish law requires that any testing and experimentation on vertebrates can only be conducted in eligible scientific centers, upon prior approval by the local ethics committee for animal testing. Ethics committees analyze proposed experiments in terms of their conformance to internationally agreed principles of reduction, replacement, and refinement, as well as assess whether the pain and suffering the animals will receive are justified by the expected scientific benefits and educational values. Throughout the 10 years since their inception, these committees have developed practical methods of assessing animal experimentation, based on currently applicable regulations and respected ethical standards. The article discusses the main criteria taken into consideration while assessing animal experimentation, which are related to the importance and objective of the experimentation, animal model, invasiveness of experimental procedures, animal welfare, and personnel qualifications.
The significant genetic progress, as being achieved over the recent several decades in the field of performance of farm animals must be accompanied by the improvement of their management and utilization conditions. To this end, in the seventies of the 20th century, the term “welfare” became employed as the reaction to improper treatment of livestock in the course of intensive management system, based on automated processes modeled on the solutions, used in the industry. The employed management system resulted in occurrence of many irregularities in a form of decrease of productivity level and health state of animals as well as occurrence of behavioural disorders in the animals. They lead to material losses and are also the reason for pain and suffering of livestock. For this reason, the issues related to animal welfare are important both for the farmers as well as for general public. Due to ethical reasons, the consumers wish to buy the products obtained from the animals, kept in the conditions, ensuring high level of welfare. Easy and, at the same time, objective indices for the assessment of animal welfare are still being sought.
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