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The article investigates the scientific literature regarding N₂O emissions according to housing and manure management in poultry and pig buildings. The majority of the N₂O is emitted from manure storages and housing space, with small amounts emitted from the surface of passages. Many factors must be considered in successful emission evaluation, including season of the year, amount and depth of the bedding, animal density, type and floor space, feeding and watering practices, ventilation, temperature, and relative humidity. The liquid manure from poultry housing systems produces greater emissions of N₂O than natural and force-dried manure. The influencing factors appeared to be manure removal frequency and the dry matter content of the manure. There are more housing types in pig barns, which differ in bedding, floor, and manure deposition. The highest N₂O emissions were found in the sawdust bedding, and N₂O production in slatted floor housing is lowest. This paper reports on technical options for mitigating emissions from poultry and swine contributions. The actual rate of N₂O emission is highly dependent on the management strategies implemented on a farm. Consequently, improvements in management practices will affect future N₂O emissions. Finally, emission factors are listed in a table.
A common chicken broilers rearing house and fattening pig barn were monitored for harmful gases concentration (NH3, CO2, NO2 and CH4). In chickens the concentrations of NH3 rose during fattening periods in all seasons of the year (from 0.23 to 10.77 mg.m-3). They varied depending on the ventilation rate and were influenced by litter temperature. The daily mean concentrations of CO2 were decreasing towards the end of the fattening period and were influenced by heating at the beginning and by birds breathing at the end of fattening periods. Mean daily concentrations of N2O ranged from 0.92 to 8.24 mg.m-3 and CH4 from 46.59 to 134.12 mg.m-3. In the pig house the NH3 concentrations varied from 2.64 to 22.9 mg.m-3, but not simultaneously to the growth of body Wright as in chickens. They also varied depending on ventilation rate, but differences in that parametr between the colder and warmer periods were not found sinificant. The mean daily production of CO2 ranged from 975.36 to 9948.78 mg.m-3, N2O from 1.08 to 6.39, and CH4 from 33.51 to 189.63,without any significant differences between periods and with no relation to age and weight of animals. Significant positive correlations in chicken broilers were found between the production of ammonia and litter temperature and in cold periods also with ventilation rate. In fattening pigs higher correlations related to methane production were found only.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of relocation from a tie-stall barn to the facility with free-stall housing on adaptation of cows measured by behaviours latency and lenghts of the first episodes. Cows were observed at 10-min intervals for 48 hours after relocation on the first and second days. Second parity cows and non-pregnant cows lied down sooner than those in the first lactation and pregnant cows (532.2±274.6 min vs. 678.3±278.9 min; 588.5±237.0 min vs. 603.8±326.1 min). Primiparous and pregnant cows had shorter lying episodes following the relocation (25.0±12.9 min. vs. 51.4±31.8 min, P<0.001; 38.3±24.8 min vs. 46.0±35.8 min). Latencies for total lying (first time lying down regardless of which side cow lays) and lying on the left side were progressively shorter from the first milking session to the fourth milking session. Cows in second lactation and non-pregnant cows began ruminating sooner than cows in first lactation after the first and fourth milking sessions. The results of this study suggest that relocation may alter behavioural measures.However, behaviour after milking sessions observation indicate that older and non-pregnant cows are more able to adapt quickly to environmental change.
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