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The long-term effects were investigated of crop rotation systems (enriching and depleting soil with humus) as well as fertilisation with farmyard manure and mineral nitrogen on the susceptibility of soil organic matter to oxidation and soil biological activity. It was found that crop rotation enriching the soil with humus produced organic matter less susceptible to oxidation than those depleting the soil with humus, independent of the manure dose used. Fertilisation with nitrogen and manure resulted in an increase of microbial populations and a higher enzymatic activity in soil.
Soil richness in available magnesium, phosphorus and potassium forms is one of the key factors of fertility, which ensures the potential of soil for satisfying nutritional requirements of plants. The aim of the present research has been to determine the effect of crop rotation and varied mineral and organic fertilisation on the content of available Mg, K and P forms. Soil was sampled from a long-term experiment, carried out on Luvisol formed from sandy loam (soil valuation class IVa, very good rye complex). The experiment was performed in a 3-factor design, which included two types of crop rotation as well as FYM and nitrogen fertilisation. Basic physicochemical properties of soil were determined. The content of available forms of magnesium was defined with Schachtschabel method and the content of potassium and phosphorus – with Egner-Riehm method (DL). The reaction in the arable-humus horizon of the soils ranged from 4.7 to 6.2. It was found that the Corg to Nt ratio in the arable-humus horizon of soils of all the experiment variants was typical of biologically active soils. The content of available magnesium ranged from 27.8 to 58.3 mg kg–1 of soil, while its water-soluble forms varied from 3.5 to 6.8 mg kg–1 of soil. The highest content of magnesium, potassium and phosphorus forms available to plants was observed after the application of FYM in the doses of 60 and 80 t ha–1 combined with mineral nitrogen fertilisation, in both crop rotation regimes. The content of magnesium and phosphorus forms available to plants was significantly positively correlated with the content of organic carbon. Soil sampled from those plots demonstrated higher classes of the content of that element. The research data proved that the analysed soils showed moderate and high richness in nutrients available to plants. High doses of organic and mineral fertilisation, however, did not increase significantly the electrolytic conductivity of the soil solution.
The aim of the present research was to estimate the long-term effect of soil management in orchards on selected physicochemical properties of humus substances isolated from Luvisols. It involved determining basic parameters of humic acids extracted from soils. Samples from topsoil were collected from apple tree orchards and arable soils in the Chełmińskie and the Krajeńskie Lake Districts. The humus substances of orchard soils showed lower condensation of aromatic rings in the molecules of humic acids, which, in turn, suggests their lower chemical maturity. Similarly, the long-term soil management in orchards decreased the resistance of humic substances to chemical oxidation. The humic acids extracted from orchard soils demonstrated a higher content of aliphatic structures.
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