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Rhizoctonia cerealis cause sharp eyespot, a common disease of cereals in Poland. The study was aimed at assessing the level of genetic diversity of R. cerealis isolates from the Wielkopolska region using RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) method. All isolates were identified by staining of nucleus in hyphal cells with a safranin solution. Genomic DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from fresh mycelium growing on NB (nutrient broth) liquid medium. The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) reaction was carried out using a series of RAPD primers. The isolates showed high level of genetic diversity. There was no correlation between the host plant, a place of origin of the isolates studied, and their RAPD profiles.
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are common microorganisms occurring in nature. They have antagonistic activity towards many pathogenic fungi, such as those of the genus Fusarium. In the present experiment influence of fungicides on antagonism of Trichoderma viride and Fusarium spp. fungi was analysed under in vitro conditions. Five species of fungi of the genus Fusarium isolated from grains and four fungicides: Alert 375 SC, Capalo 337,5 SE, Input 460 EC and Opera Max 147,5 SE, were used. The analysed fungi were cultured in pairs (Trichoderma sp./Fusarium sp.) on the PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium supplemented with fungicides at three concentrations. The observations included measurements of growth of the fungal colonies in subsequent days and their comparison with the control colonies. The results of the experiment showed a diverse influence of fungicides on antagonism of T. viride and Fusarium spp.
The common occurrence of fungi of the genus Fusarium in the nature is a serious problem in the protection of cereals. The presence of these pathogens significantly contributes to the reduction of grain quality and yield losses. However, fungi from the genus Trichoderma are strong antagonists which reduce the occurrence of many species of pathogenic fungi, also Fusarium spp. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of the presence of fungi of the genus Trichoderma on growth and development of Fusarium pathogens in vitro. Seven species of fungi of the genus Fusarium isolated from wheat and two isolates of T. viride and one isolate of T. harzianum were applied. Tested fungi were inoculated in pairs (Trichoderma sp./Fusarium sp.) on a sterile PDA medium. The degree of growth reduction of the pathogen was evaluated over the next days. An antagonistic effect of Trichoderma spp. on culture of Fusarium spp was found in this experiment.
Sharp eyespot caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis is a common disease of cereals in Poland. R. cerealis is considered a weak pathogen, but under favourable conditions the incidence of the disease increases. The pathogen control is performed with fungicides used against other stem base diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the resistance level of R. cerealis isolates to selected fungicides that are used in the cereal crop protection. Cyproconazole and pyraclostrobin were fungicides that highly limited growth of the examined isolates. The group of the fungicides well-inhibiting growth of R. cerealis includes: epoxiconazole, flusilazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, azoxystrobin, carbendazim and next kresoxim-methyl and phenpropimorph. Most of the tested isolates were resistant to thiophanate-methyl, cyprodinil and prochloraz. The results indicate the possibility of effective control of R. cerealis by fungicides used for protection of other stem base diseases.
The presence of pathogenic fungi at each stage of plant development may cause a reduction in grain quality and significant losses in yield. The aim of the presented study was to compare the population of the most commonly pathogens causing diseases of stem base of wheat in two important wheat-growing regions: in the Wielkopolska Province and the Warmia-Mazury Province. The material designed for investigating was collected in 2007–2008 and came from randomly chosen locations, most of which were individual farmlands. In order to identify pathogens, fragments of plants were taken (stem base) with symptoms of infestation by pathogenic fungi. Among the isolates obtained 66% constituted fungi of the genus Fusarium. But dominant pathogen in Wielkopolska was Rhizoctonia cerealis. Differences were found in populations of fungi on stem base of wheat in the explored areas.
Environmental protection imposes strict limitations in using fertilizers and plant protection products. This is why there is a need for research on using plant products in horticultural production. In the experiment conducted in the years 2009–2012 the influence of spraying of maiden pear trees with ERGOPLANT biostimulant was estimated. Growth of ‘Isolda’, ‘Conference’ and ‘Uta’ maiden pear trees budded on two types of quince rootstock S1 and MA was compared. The application of biostimulant ERGOPLANT increased significantly growth of maiden pear trees and their compatibility with the Polish Norm. The examined rootstocks influenced significantly number of roots of maiden pear trees. The biggest diameter and the best quality of maiden pear trees was obtained for ‘Uta’. Maiden leaves of this cultivar had also a higher content of chlorophyll compared with the two remaining cultivars. In cross sections of anatomic connections of ‘Isolda’ or ‘Uta’, with quince rootstocks especially with MA, the presence of a layer of necrotic cells was observed.
The fungi of Trichoderma genus as antagonists of plant pathogenic fungi can reduce development of plant diseases. They also positively affect agriculture value of the soil and support plant resistance. Therefore Trichoderma spp. are used as bioproducts in a biological plant protection. However, the use of fungicides due to their efficiencies or a combination of both methods are the common practices in the crop protection. The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of 13 active substances of fungicides on the growth of T. viride under the laboratory conditions. Among 13 active ingredients carbendazim showed the strongest impact on the T. viride development; at each dose inhibited completely the colony growth. The least toxic to T. viride were azoxystrobin, kresoximmethyl, cyproconazole and tetraconazole.
The aim of the study was to compare the level of mycelium growth inhibition of Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and F. avenaceum isolates by fungicides registered to control FHB in vitro. Four fungicides were compared, each at three different concentration. The use of tebuconazole and metconazole significantly influenced the reduction of mycelium growth. The mycelial growth was more reduced by triazole than benzimidazole and strobilurin fungicides.
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