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In order to identify 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in the surface sediments of Taihu Lake, 41 surface sediment samples were analyzed by GC-MS. The total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 262.06 ng/g to 1087.22 ng/g (dry weight). The source apportionment of PAHs by positive matrix factorization model indicated that the main source of PAHs in surface sediments of the lake were emissions from coal combustion, accounting for 53.40% of the total variance, followed by residential emissions, traffic emissions, and biomass combustion, accounting for 19.95%, 19.85, and 6.80%, respectively. The overall concentrations of PAHs were higher at nearshore places than in the middle of the lake, and the northeast region concentrations were higher than the southwest region concentrations.
Our study aimed to assess the pollution levels and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs): Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni, and As in the urban forest soil of Nanjing, China. A total of 180 topsoil (0~20cm) samples were collected with the aid of GPS according to 1 × 1 km grid cells in six different function zones: road green belt (RGB), urban square (US), urban garden (UG), institution greenland (IG), residential greenland (RG), and urban rural forest (URF). The concentrations of seven PTEs in study areas were higher than their background values (BVs), and three anthropogenic origins were identified: industrial origin, traffic origin, and agricultural origin by principle analysis (PCA), coupled cluster analysis (CA), and kriging interpolation. The potential ecological risk index (PERI) in the Nanjing urban forest soils was 305.62, in a state of significant pollution, which was mainly due to high contents of Pb, Cd, As, and Zn by correlation analysis. There were three distribution patterns for seven PTEs and PERI: Pb, Cd, As, and PERI presented similar island pattern which took traffic and commercial center as a hot spot (TCIP), while Cr and Ni presented an island pattern that took chemical plants as hotspot (CPIP), and Cu and Zn presented a scattered point pattern (SPP).
A new bark-gnawing beetle genus Sinopeltis gen. nov., with two species (S. jurrasica sp. nov. (type species) and Sinopeltis amoena sp. nov.), is described based on two well-preserved impression fossils. Specimens were collected from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation in Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China from a lacustrine paleoenvironment, making it the oldest fossil of the family. Sinopeltis is placed into Peltinae incertae sedis.
Followed a heat acclimation pretreatment, seedlings of Freesia hybrida ‘Shangnong Jinghuanghou’ were exposed to heat stress at 38°C for 6 h treatment and then recovered at 22°C for 72 h to study the impact of heat acclimation (30°C) on thermotolerance under heat stress. The results showed that the pretreated seedlings performed better under heat stress than control. Heat acclimation could slow down the decrease of chlorophyll contents under heat stress and recover better. Higher levels of soluble sugar and proline and slight lower level of soluble protein were observed in pretreated seedlings. After recovery, similar levels of proline and soluble protein were maintained in all seedlings. However, a higher level of soluble sugar was maintained in pretreated seedlings. MDA content and EL showed a stable level in pretreated seedlings while a significant increase in control, followed by a significant decrease after recovery. Significant different responses of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activities were observed in pretreated seedlings and control. Heat acclimation led to higher activities of these enzymes and a significant response of antioxidant enzyme activities occurred in a time-dependent manner under heat stress. Exposure to high temperature caused a significant increase in SOD and APX activity, and much higher levels in SOD and APX activity were observed in pretreated seedlings compared to control during heat stress. A slight difference in change pattern of POD and CAT activity was presented. The highest activities of POD and CAT were observed at 4 and 6 h of heat stress in pretreated seedlings and control, respectively. After 72 h recovery, the activities of all tested enzymes decreased to similar levels in all seedlings.
Fine particles (PM₂.₅) and particulate matter (PM₁₀) monitoring data from 2015 to 2016 in 18 major cities in the Yangtze River Delta were analyzed to determine the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ pollution in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, China. The results showed that the cities with the most serious PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ pollution were mainly distributed along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, while the lowest concentrations of PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ were measured in Zhoushan of Zhejiang Province. The PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ concentrations in 2016 were lower than those in 2015. In 2015 and 2016, the PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ concentrations were the highest in winter, followed by spring, and the concentrations were the lowest in summer. In 2015 and 2016 the average annual concentrations of PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ were lower than the ambient air quality standard of China (Grade II; PM₂.₅: 35 µg/g and PM₁₀: 70 µg/g) in Zhoushan only, but were higher than the particulate pollutant emission limits of the United States and the European Union. The ratios of PM₂.₅/PM₁₀ in the urban agglomeration were greater than 0.5, indicating that the pollution in the atmospheric particulate matter in the Yangtze River Delta was generally less than 2.5 μm.
Two enigmatic genera of Trogossitidae are described and illustrated from well-preserved impression fossils from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation collected at Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. Both new genera, Marginulatus gen. nov. (type species M. venustus sp. nov.) and Latitergum gen. nov. (type species L. glabrum sp. nov.) are placed in Trogossitidae incertae sedis because they have a mixture of characters that do not allow for them to be easily placed in the current classification of Trogossitidae.
To reveal the impact of irrigation management on the release and leaching of soil metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd), deep percolation rate and metals contents in soil solutions were observed in rice fields with nonflooding controlled irrigation (NFI) and flooding irrigation (FI) treatments. The contents of Cu and Cr in the deep solutions were safe according to the environmental quality standard for groundwater, but contents of other metals might lead to groundwater contamination, especially for Cd. The release of metals in surface soil was increased for NFI because the wetting-drying cycles in NFI fields resulted in less reluctant and high decomposition and mineralization of soil organic matter in surface soil, and consequently enhanced the release of soil metals into solutions. Seasonal metals leaching losses in NFI fields were 44.9-53.8% lower than in FI, due to the large reduction in both deep seepage rates and metals concentrations in deep soil solutions. Higher release of metals in NFI surface soils might lead to higher bioavailability of micronutrients (Cu and Zn) to crops, but higher risks in toxic metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd) uptakes.
Methyl Bromide (MB) is one of the most effective and widely used commercial chemicals in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors respectively. The decision to phaseout MB by 2005 set the stage for scientists to come up with a non-less-toxic replacement alternative or combinations thereof. This study focused on comparing yield efficiencies of different MB substitute fumigants and mulching systems for pepper production in the Southeast. Results of this study depicted that pepper production is potentially maximized under the tel-pic-vap treatment which is the only fumigation method that yielded significant differences relative to at least one other alternative approach.
A new genus of Thanerocleridae, Archaeozenodosus bellus Yu and Kolibac gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian, ca. 99 Ma) amber near the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar, making it the first Mesozoic record of the family. Morphological characters preserved in the Burmese amber highlight the diversity of thaneroclerids during the Late Mesozoic and provide data for future phylogenetic studies of Thanerocleridae.
Powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Sf), is a widely distributed and destructive disease of greenhouse and field-grown cucumber plants and causes great yield loss. The objective of this research is to tentatively identify proteins that are differentially expressed in cucumber and are involved in modulating resistance to Sf-inoculation. We comparatively analyzed proteins differentially expressed in Sf-inoculated cucumber leaves using a pair of sister lines, B21-a-2-2-2 (highly susceptible) and B21-a-2-1-2 (highly resistant). To eliminate the interference of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase with low-abundance proteins, total proteins were pre-fractionated by 24 % polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the proteins from supernatant were analyzed by 2-DE. We were successful in establishing the identities of 20 proteins and those identified from the resistant line included proteins involved in metabolic, regulatory, and defense pathways. Our findings are discussed within the context of C. sativus–S. fuliginea interaction and tolerance to this pathogen. The results suggest that the resistance in cucumber is closely related to the enhancement of its primary metabolism, and ethylene modulated signaling in cucumber defense responses against powdery mildew, then defense-related proteins can be up-regulated as a result of altered gene expression.
Nitrate (NO3¯) can accumulate in high concentrations in plant cell vacuoles if it is not reduced, reutilized or transported into the cytoplasm. Such accumulation of NO3¯ in the vacuole occurs when mechanisms for NO3¯ assimilation in the cytoplasm are saturated. Moreover, other processes such as efflux across the plasma membrane might affect NO3¯ accumulation in the vacuole. These are the main reasons limiting nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in plants. This study elucidates mechanisms for NO3¯ transport from the cytoplasm to vacuoles by the V-proton pump (V-ATPase and V-PPase) and their relationship with different NUE in four Brassica napus genotypes. Pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse under normal (15.0 mmol L-1) and limited N (7.5 mmol L-1) concentrations of nitrate using B. napus genotypes that demonstrated either high (742 and Xiangyou 15) or low (814 and H8) NUE (g g-1). Specific inhibitors of V-ATPase and V-PPase increased nitrate reductase (NR) activity, resulting in greatly decreased NO3¯ in plant tissues. Nitrate reductase activity and NO3¯ content correlated more highly to V-PPase activity than they did to V-ATPase activity, and correlation between V-PPase activity and NO3¯ content was significantly higher than it was to V-ATPase. Genotypes with high NUE had significantly lower activities of V-ATPase and V-PPase than those with low NUE. In the high-NUE plants, lower activities of V-proton pump underlie mechanisms that result in significantly lower NO3¯ content in plant tissues of the high-NUE genotypes than those found in plant tissues of the low-NUE genotypes. Our results show that the tonoplast proton pumps V-PPase and V-ATPase strongly negatively affect NR activity and positively affect NO3¯ content. V-PPase contributed more to this regulatory mechanism than did V-ATPase.
Metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in airborne particulate matter. In order to better understand the concentrations and origins of metals and PAHs bound to particulate matter in Lanzhou city in northwest China, six metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr) and 16 selected PAHs in 108 part iculate matter samples were quantified by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results demonstrated that metals and PAHs in the ambient air of Lanzhou city showed regional and seasonal trends, and their concentrations were higher than those in several other Asian and European cities. The high molecular weight PAHs in winter were higher than in summer in both Xigu District and Yuzhong town. The principle components analysis (PCA) method was applied to analyze the sources of metals bound to particulate matters (PM2.5, PM10, TSP) and PAHs bound to PM10, and results showed that vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and oil combustion were probably the main sources of metal and PAHs in Lanzhou PM.
Double minute chromosomes (DMs) are the cytogenetic hallmark of extra-chromosomal genomic amplification. The frequency of DMs in primary cancer and the cytogenetic features of DMs-positive primary cancer cases are largely unknown. To unravel these issues, we retrieved the Mitelman database and analyzed all DMs-positive primary cancerous karyotypes (787 karyotypes). The overall frequency of DMs is 1.4% (787 DMs-positive cases; total 54,398 cases). We found that DMs have the highest frequency in adrenal carcinoma (28.6%, topography) and neuroblastoma (31.7%, morphology). The frequencies of DMs in each tumor were much lower than in previous reports. The frequency ofDMs in malignant cancers is significantly higher than in benign cancers, which confirms that DMs are malignant cytogenetic markers. DMs combined cytogenetic abnormalities are identified and sorted into two groups by principal component analysis (PCA), with one group containing −4, −5, −8, −9, −10, −13, −14, −15, −16, −17, −18, −20, −21, and −22, and the other containing −1p, −5q, +7, and +20. The prominent imbalance in DMs-positive cancer cases is chromosome loss. However, DMs-positive cancer cases, deriving from different morphologic cancers, cannot be clearly divided into subgroups. Our large database analysis provides novel knowledge of DMs and their combined cytogenetic abnormalities in primary cancer.
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