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Melanophilin (MLPH) gene has been characterized as one of the candidate genes for coat colour dilution in human, mice and dog, but little is known about it in goat. Part of the 5’UTR (650bp,JQ743911) was sequenced leading to identify four polymorphic loci (g.G426A, g.A570G, g.G592T and g.612-614insCTC). The genetic diversity was analysed in 120 individuals of four breeds of goat. The possible transcription factors in the four loci were mined by online tools. The results show that the four loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05) and there was a significant difference in gene sequence between Jining Grey (JN) and Leizhou Black (LZ) breeds (P < 0.05). JN has the highest allele frequency of A, A, G and insertion CTC at the four loci; and LZ has the highest allele frequency of G, G, T and deletion CTC. JN has the lowest effective allele number and the lowest value of Shannon I at the four polymorphic loci. LZ has the highest effective allele number and the highest Shannon I at the four polymorphic loci. Moreover, JN has the highest Fst and Gst (0.08 and 0.12, respectively) and the lowest Nm (2.80) compared to LZ. In silico analysis showed that the possible transcription factors having a potential binding site in the sequence consisting of A, A and G and insertion CTC in the four polymorphic loci of 5’UTR of MLPH gene were BRN2, CCAT,P, STAT and USF. The sequence consisting of G, G, T and deletion CTC in the 5’UTR region of MLPH formed the possible binding sites of MyoD, c-Myb, v-Myb, AP-1, USF and NKX25. It could be concluded that JN has different gene sequence in the four mutation sites of 5’UTR of MLPH compared to LZ and the mutation caused the variation of possible transcription factors that may play a role in the MLPH gene expression regulation; so JN has dilute, ashen and grey coat colours and LZ is of solid black colour.
In the field of ocean engineering, cavitation is widespread, for the study of cavitation nuclei transient characteristics in cavitation inception, we applied theoretical analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to study Lennard-Jones (L-J) fluid with different initial cavitation nuclei under the NVT-constant ensemble in this manuscript. The results showed that in cavitation inception, due to the decrease of liquid local pressure, the liquid molecules would enter the cavitation nuclei, which contributed to the growth of cavitation nuclei. By using molecular potential energy, it was found that the molecular potential energy was higher in cavitation nuclei part, while the liquid molecular potential energy changes greatly at the beginning of the cavitation nuclei growth. The density of the liquid and the surface layer changes more obvious, but density of vapor in the bubble changes inconspicuously. With the growth of cavitation nuclei, the RDF peak intensity increased, the peak width narrowed and the first valley moved inner. When cavitation nuclei initial size reduced, the peak intensity reduced, the corresponding rbin increased. With the decrease of the initial cavitation nuclei, the system pressure and total energy achieved a balance longer, and correspondingly, they were smaller. In addition, at the beginning of the cavitation nuclei growth, the total energy and system pressure changed greatly
The micro air nucleus widely distributed in the ocean is a necessary condition for the cavitation of hydraulic machinery in seawater. In order to study the stability of air nucleus in seawater and cavitation inception, the computational domain of water molecules with air nucleus was studied using the method of molecular dynamics simulation, and the transient characteristics of air nucleus in liquid water were obtained. The key factors influencing nuclei stability were analyzed. The results showed that air nucleus with a certain mass could maintain the dynamic equilibrium in liquid water. The internal density of air nuclei had a critical value that allowed the nuclei to stably exist in water. The air nuclei mass was the decisive factor in its equilibrium volume in water, and the two were positively correlated. The internal density of air nuclei was negatively correlated with the nuclei radius when the nuclei was stable in water. Liquid surface tension was an important factor affecting the stability of the air nuclei. The larger the initial radius of nuclei, the smaller the water pressure, and the more likely the cavitation occurs
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