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The paper presents the study on the impact of Cameraria ohridella on the percentage of leaf blade surface infested by insects, the number of functionally male and female flowers, as well as the germination energy of seeds. The research results show that the area of damage to the leaf may not affect the number of flowers, but it causes a decrease in the number of functionally female flowers as well as a decrease in fruit number and weight. Adhesive tapes with pheromone trap could help prevent greater leaf damage and lessened the disruption of the flowering and fructification processes.
The aim of the study was to determine the yield per ha, chemical composition, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), and nutritive value of faba bean seeds and naked oat grain grown in pure sowing or in mixtures (effect of cultivation method) under organic farming conditions. The experiment was carried out on two faba bean cultivars (Olga, a low tannin, traditional variety, and Optimal, a high tannin variety with terminal inflorescences), and naked oat (cv. Polar). The proportions of faba been to oat in sowing mixtures, in relation to optimum sowing density for each species grown in a pure stand (taken as 100%), were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, respectively. The highest grain yield (3.12 t/ha) and yield of crude protein (978 kg/ha) per ha were obtained from the mixture of 75% faba bean (Optimal) and 25% oat. Increasing the proportion of oat in the mixtures decreased their crude protein content with little impact on other nutrient contents, in vitro true digestibility, UFL and PDI values. In faba bean, greater differences among analysed parameters were observed between cultivars than between cultivation methods.
Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) is the most common alien tree species in Polish forests that is considered as an invasive one. It is native to North America. Negative impact of Q. rubra on natural habitats in Europe is well−known, but there is still a lack of information about correlations between red oak and individual species or groups of plants. Especially knowledge about impact of Q. rubra on fern communities is still unsatisfactory. The goal of research was to check if ferns could be neutral to the negative oak impact. In order to verify, populations of ferns occurring in patches of forests dominated by northern red oak and population from natural forests with the same abiotic conditions were compared. Moreover, quantitative relations between ferns and other herb species were analyzed. The research was carried out in southern Poland. Field surveys were conducted in 100 m² plots with domination of Q. rubra. Plots were settled in 3 different types of plant communities: mixed broadleaf forest, acidophilous oak forest and acidophilous beech forest. In the same types of plant communities, but without northern red oak, control plots were located. Control patch was settled in place with similar inclination, exposition, altitude and water regimes. For each surface list of all herb species with their percentage coverage and biometric measures of fern fronds were made. At maximum 50 specimens of each fern species were taken into account. Plots were located in areas of 3 geographical regions: the Śląskie Foothills, the Oświęcimska Basin and Śląska Upland. Results show that ferns in monocultures of the alien oak are bigger, more lush and their coverage is higher than in the control plots. What is more, coverage of other herb species and species diversity are significantly higher in control patches. It suggest that ferns are not sensitive to Q. rubra influence, so it can be concluded that they are competitive to other species which are sensitive to northern red oak impact.
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