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Rolnictwo ekologiczne w Polsce, dzięki niskiemu poziomowi zużycia nawozów mineralnych i produkcji w sposób tradycyjny żywności wysokiej jakości staje się konkurencyjne w stosunku do rolnictwa konwencjonalnego. Dotacje do ekologicznej produkcji rolnej są postrzegane jako czynnik w istotny sposób wpływający na rozwój rolnictwa ekologicznego w Polsce. Obowiązująca w Polsce od 1 maja 2004 r. ustawa o rolnictwie ekologicznym, przez wsparcie finansowe rolnictwa ekologicznego, zapewniła spełnienie warunków, jakie Komisja Europejska nakłada na kraje członkowskie.
The studies were carried out in the Włoszczowa Forest Unit, in 9 ash stands differing in respect of age, origin (natural, artificial), site and in the nursery on 3 quarters differing due to a silvicultural method (transplanted and not transplanted) and seedlings age. In each stand an analysis of disease symptoms was carried out on 100 trees (2 - 20 years old stands) or 50 trees (21 - 80 years old stands) growing side by side in central part of the stand, while in the nursery in each block 200 seedlings were analyzed (4 sectors with 50 seedlings each). From the infected seedlings and trees 120 fragments of dead branches, living branches with cankers, and dead roots were taken. Identification of fungi was made on the basis of fructification and over 300 isolations of fungi on malt agar medium. The most frequent disease symptoms in ash stands were: the dead top (34.7% trees), the dying of whole branches (83.5%), the dying of the top of branches (20.1%), the occurrence of healed (36.0%) and unhealed cankers (18.9%) and the slime flux (23.7%) on the trunk, also the chlorosis of leaves (7.5%) and their atrophy (11.2%). Most of the types of disease symptoms appeared irrespectively of the tree age, origin and site, sometimes showing only a difference in the frequency of occurrence. On the seedlings in the nursery the shoot discolouration, healed and unhealed cankers on shoots and necrosis of a part of leaves were recorded most frequently. Disease symptoms occurred more frequently on 4-year-old seedlings in comparison with 3-year-old. In respect of transplanted seedlings the leaves dying was more frequent. Within cankers and on dead tops of shoots the most frequent were: Alternaria alternata, Chalara sp., Cytospora ambiens, Diplodia mutila, Fusarium lateritium, Gloeosporidiella turgida, Phomopsis controversa and Phomopsis scobina. In sparsely found dead roots of living trees appeared mostly: Cryptosporiopsis radicicola, Cylindrocarpon destructans and Phialocephala sp.
INTRODUCTION: Among cortical inhibitory cells, activity of somatostatin interneurons (SST INTs) has been recently proposed as a key player in the formation of neuroplastic changes. Sensory deprivation causes changes in inhibitory systems that lead to disinhibition of the spared barrel, allowing for spreading of its functional representation. Because of their unique pattern of connectivity, we hypothesize that layer IV SST INTs strongly modulate disinhibition of the spared barrel, supporting the sensory deprivation‑induced plastic change formation. AIM(S): Using a chemogenetic approach, we aimed to study a direct role of layer IV SST INTs activity in plastic change formation induced by sensory deprivation in mice barrel cortex. METHOD(S): SST-Cre mice were unilaterally injected with Cre-dependent AAV2 vectors expressing inhibitory DREADDs into a single barrel of row C. Two weeks later, mice underwent a sensory deprivation paradigm, in which all whiskers but one, C3, on one side of the snout were plucked for a week. During deprivation, the activity of SST INTs was blocked by DREADDs activation with its agonist, CNO, continuously administered via Alzet® Osmotic Pumps. To visualize plastic change, [14C]‑2‑deoxyglucose brain mapping was performed. The area of functional representation of the spared whisker and contralateral one was compared. RESULTS: We found that SST INTs inhibition in the spared barrel did not influence the area of activation of the spared whisker compared to transduced animals with saline administration instead of CNO. However, SST INTs blockade in the deprived barrel, adjacent to the spared one, led to a dramatic decrease in functional plasticity of spared whisker representation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that layer IV SST INTs activity in deprived, but not spared barrel, is essential in sensory deprivation-induced plastic change formation in the barrel cortex of mice. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Polish National Science Centre Grant to GD (2017/27/N/NZ4/02639).
INTRODUCTION: Cortical interneurons containing somatostatin (SST-INs) are the second most numerous subtype of GABA-ergic cells in the somatosenory cortex of rodents. SST‑INs inhibit excitatory cells and also other inhibitory interneurons. They are involved in disinhibitory circuits, in which SST-INs inhibit interneurons containing parvalbumin (PV-INs) which, in turn, stop inhibiting excitatory neurons. Somatostatin is present in synapses in a separate pool of vesicles and may be released together with GABA. Activation of somatostatin receptors in the brain may cause inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decrease of intracellular Ca2+ levels, hyperpolarization of cells mediated by K+ channels, protein phosphatases activation and MAP kinases modulation. Somatostatin action on PV‑INs is poorly understood. AIM(S): To get a picture of possible sites of somatostatin action upon PV-INs, we examined the distribution of five subtypes of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs1‑5) on genetically labeled PV‑INs in the barrel cortex. METHOD(S): The experiment was conducted on PV‑ires‑Cre driver mice lines crossed with the Ai14 line to obtain tdTomato expression following Cre-mediated recombination. Cre‑dependent cell labeling was verified by immunocytochemical reaction with anti-PV antibody. A series of immunofluorescent staining using antibodies against SSTR1‑5 were performed on coronal and tangential brain sections. RESULTS: We found that SSTR1, SSTR3, and SSTR5 were present on PV‑INs in all cortical layers (74% to 96% of PV neurons showed colocalization with these SSTRs). SSTR4 was found only on 36% to 62% of PV neurons, depending on the layer. Immunolabeling was found on cell bodies and dendrites. Surprisingly, we did not observe SSTR2 presence on PV‑INs in any cortical layer. CONCLUSION: Apparently, somatostatin acts on PV-INs through only four receptor subtypes, excluding SSTR2. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Supported by National Science Center grant OPUS 2015/17B/NZ/02016 to MK.
Monitoring the presence of residues of unauthorized substances, chemical and biological residues, medicinal products and radioactive contamination in food is an important element of the system for protection of consumers against hazardous foods. The aim of the study was to analyze the results of monitoring tests for the presence of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics affecting consumer safety in products of animal origin that were carried out in Poland in the years 2003-2017. The material for analysis were annual reports on the results of tests for the presence of prohibited substances, chemical and biological residues, medicinal products and radioactive contamination in food produced in Poland. Samples for testing were taken at random from food of animal origin produced on farms under the supervision of the Veterinary Inspectorate. The reports present data on monitoring tests carried out in the years 2003-2017. The analysis was based on the results for B1 substances, which include antibacterial substances, antibiotics and chemotherapeutics approved for use in food-producing animals. The results from the last two years of research were analyzed in detail, including the results for prohibited substances with antibacterial action from group A6 (prohibited substances) and, in the case of poultry, for coccidiostats (group B2b).The results of the monitoring studies in Poland indicate that both veterinarians and animal breeders were aware that the proper use of chemotherapeutics and compliance with waiting periods are necessary to ensure food safety. Samples that exceeded the standards represented less than 0.3% of all samples tested in all types of food. According to the results of these studies, antibiotic residues were most frequently found in honey.
In view of the significance of qualitative fatty acid profile, the aim of this research was to determine and compare the content of fatty acids in two groups popular snacks which were classified into two product groups: healthy or unhealthy. Gas chromatograph was used to analyze the fatty acid profile. The study showed that the products classified as ‘unhealthy’ generally contained more fatty acids than ‘dietary’ products. They also had a higher content of fatty acids with atherogenic properties. Approx. 66% of fatty acids in both groups were long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), followed by cis monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) which accounted for 25% of all FAs. In contrast, very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) were present in small quantities. We also found quite large amounts of linoleic acid (PUFA), which accounted for 2.6% to 18.5% of the total composition of the snacks and appeared in all samples
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