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This paper aims to the computing model of quantitative elements in crossing situation based on the separating of different states about vessel’s meeting to study the automatic collision-avoiding plan of given way vessel in crossing situation. Following results are proved by simulations: The accuracy of hydrodynamic model is enough for studying and application for automatic collision-avoiding; computing model of quantitative elements by method of bisection is rapidly and reliably convergent during computing. The whole meeting process can be separated to several stages according to the quantitative elements in crossing situation. Different initial collision avoiding measures of given-way vessel in different stages produced as per rules and ordinary practice of seaman
In arid and semi-arid ecosystems, shrubs have an important effect on neighboring plants. However, little is known about the interaction of herb growth stages and shrub location on herb performance. We selected Reaumuria soongorica, (Pall.) Maxim a shrub dominant in the semiarid region of northwest China, to determine whether (1) shrubs facilitate or have negative effects on neighbouring herbaceous vegetation, and (2) such effects vary with herb growth stage and with shrub orientation relative to herbs. The presence of herbaceous plant species, plant density, plant height, and percent cover were determined along 2 m long transects spreading in four directions from the base of shrub – east (transect E), west (transect W), south (transect S), and north (transect N); this was repeated for three growth stages (in May, June and July). Results indicated that the effects of R. soongorica on neighboring herbs in different growth stages were similar. Species number of herb-layer plants tended to increase from beneath the canopy to the opening, but plant density, cover and plant height decreased with distance away from shrub base. The presence of R. soongorica had positive effects on density, cover, and plant height, and negative on the number of herbaceous species during the entire growing season. Herbaceous plants growing on transect N under the shrub canopy had significantly higher density and percent cover than those growing in other directions. Biomass of herbs on transect N grown under the shrub canopy was higher than that of herbs on other transects. We concluded that shrub effects on neighbouring herbaceous vegetation were closely related to the shrub orientation relative to the herbs. Therefore, using shrubs as nurse plants for grass-growing must consider the relative placement of shrubs.
To study intraspecific differences in N utilization in response to enhanced UV-B radiation, field experiments were conducted on two Erigeron breviscapus populations (Huguo and Cangshan), which were respectively obtained from low altitude (UV-B sensitive) and high altitude (UBV-B resistant).The effects of soil nitrogen (N) application (0, 15, 30, 45 g m2) on free amino acid content, the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS), total nitrogen content and N mass in leaves were determined under enhanced UV-B radiation (5 kJ m2) for both populations. The results showed that under enhanced UV-B radiation: (1) increases in total N contents in leaves of the Huguo and Cangshan populations correlated with the amount of N applied. Additionally, leaf biomass of Huguo treated with 15 g m−2 N application and Cangshan with 30 g m−2 N application were higher than that of other treatments. Leaf N masses were highest in both E. breviscapus populations treated with 30 g m−2 N; (2) increases in contents of free amino acids in leaves of both E. breviscapus populations correlated with the amount of applied nitrogen; (3) increases of NR activity in leaves correlated with the amount of applied nitrogen; (4) GS activity in leaves of the Huguo and Cangshan E. breviscapus populations were highest with respective N applications of 15 g m−2 N and 30 g m−2 N. In general, under enhanced UV-B radiation, N application might affect NR and GS and change free amino acid content, resulting in changes in total nitrogen content, biomass and N mass. The optimal amount of supplemental N for N accumulation in E. breviscapus was 30 g m−2 N under enhanced UV-B radiation.
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in the world, with a notable increasing prevalence in recent decades. Many environmental compounds with estrogenic activity, called environmental estrogens (EEs), which are especially persistent organic pollutants, may play important roles in the occurrence and development of breast cancer and even treatment and prognosis. EE compounds, including bisphenol A, nonylphenol, phthalates, perfluorooctane sulfonate, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls, result from industrial manufacturing and exist ubiquitously in the human environment. With the aggravation of environmental pollution, these compounds are residual in all kinds of environmental matrices – especially in industrialized countries. Humans are frequently exposed to them through various pathways, including body contact, inhalation, diet, household products, dust, and cosmetics. They have been detected in many types of human specimens. Their persistence in environmental matrices and humans has aroused global attention because of their effect on public health, especially the occurrence of breast cancer. In this review, we focus on recent research of these seven familiar EEs in industrial pollutants to provide insight into the evidence for risk of breast cancer with exposure to environmental estrogen-like chemicals and to provide clues for prevention and control of breast cancer.
Carbon productivity is a special indicator that coordinates economic development and climate resource protection. Similar to carbon productivity, electricity carbon productivity (ECP) is defined and researched in our paper since it is an effective way for China’s power industry to realize the low-carbon development path. In this work we have applied the multi-dimensional decomposition method to ECP time series decomposition in order to explore the contributions of technological improvement and structure adjustment for each industrial sector from the final electricity aspect. Moreover, the time-dependent changes of ECP for the period of 2000-14 are researched considering the effects of accumulated technological improvement and structure adjustment. According to the decomposition results, a roadmap for raising carbon productivity by reducing emissions with a minimal impact on electricity demand is provided.
Satellite hardware has reached a level of development that enables imaging satellites to realize applications in the area of meteorology and environmental monitoring. As the requirements in terms of feasibility and the actual profit achieved by satellite applications increase, we need to comprehensively consider the actual status, constraints, unpredictable information, and complicated requirements. The management of this complex information and the allocation of satellite resources to realize image acquisition have become essential for enhancing the efficiency of satellite instrumentation. In view of this, we designed a satellite auto mission planning system, which includes two sub-systems: the imaging satellite itself and the ground base, and these systems would then collaborate to process complicated missions: the satellite mainly focuses on mission planning and functions according to actual parameters, whereas the ground base provides auxiliary information, management, and control. Based on the requirements analysis, we have devised the application scenarios, main module, and key techniques. Comparison of the simulation results of the system, confirmed the feasibility and optimization efficiency of the system framework, which also stimulates new thinking for the method of monitoring environment and design of mission planning systems
Salt in saline land is regarded as a kind of abiotic stress that limits the productivity of plants and their geographical distribution. To understand the mechanism of how shrub willow clones seedling respond to salt stress at the proteomic level, proteins extracted from seedling leaves of salt sensitive cultivar JW9-6 and salt tolerant cultivar JW2372 were tested under salt stress for the different durations, including 2, 12 and 72 h, using 2-D electrophoresis. Totally, 83 differentially expressed proteins were found using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. These proteins were divided into 11 classes. The primary findings from this study are: (1) enhanced ROS scavenging capacity leads to increased salt tolerance for the shrub willow that protects redox homeostasis system from being damaged; (2) different measures, e.g., the inhibition of protein synthesis, protein folding and assembly, and enhancing protein proteolysis, were essential for shrub willow seedlings to respond to salt stress; (3) salt stress could affect the pathways of photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, energy supply, and metabolism for amino acid and nitrogen. (4) JW2372 are more salt tolerant than that of cultivar JW9-6 due to overall performance of the above pathways.
This paper evaluates the feasibility and stability of the construction of a super-large-scale filtered tailings storage facility on coal-mining subsidence land. Properties of the coal gangue were analyzed by laboratory tests and change laws of the land subsidence were observed in the field. Comparisons of slope stability between the super large-scale filtered tailings storage facility and conventional tailings impoundment in normal, flooded, sustained rainfall, and strong earthquake conditions were conducted using Slide software. The results show that the filtered tailings storage facility has less chance of failure, lower seepage probability, and smaller impact scope than conventional tailings impoundment. With little free water in filtered tailings, the average slope safety factors of filtered tailings storage are as high as 1.78 in normal, 1.73 in flood, 1.18 in sustained rainfall, and 1.11 in a magnitude-8.0 earthquake. As an environmentally friendly, cost-effective chain-cutting disaster mitigation measure, filtered tailings disposal shows great advantages in reducing tailing emissions, dam construction scale, and operational costs, improving water conservation, dam stability, and service life.
Under the situ terraced field experiments, effects of artificial UV-B radiation enhancement (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 kJ m⁻²) on spatial situation and surface structure of leaves and responses index of two local cultivars rice (Oryza sativa L.)—Yuelianggu and Baijiaolaojin in Yuanyang County, China in shooting stage were studied. The results showed that: (1) due to the enhanced UV-B radiation, leaf apex–base distance, leaf pedestal height, leaf rolling degree and wax content in leaves increased, while leaf apex–stem distance, distance between leaves and leaf angle decreased. The response index of growth was positive when UV-B levels were 2.5 and 5.0 kJ m⁻², which showed some adaptation. (2) The enhanced UV-B radiation resulted in smaller stomata with higher density and more papilla for both rice cultivars. (3) The enhanced UV-B radiation also leaded to larger silica cells and significantly increases the amount of papilla, spike and epidermal hair for both rice cultivars. (4) Yuelianggu cultivar showed an excellent adaptation on the aspect of spatial situation with UV-B radiation of 2.5 and 5.0 kJ m⁻², while Baijiaolaojin exhibited better adaptation respecting the surface structure of leaves when UV-B was 2.5 kJ m⁻². By changing spatial situation of leaves, structure and density of stomata, and non-stomatal structures (wax layer, silica cell, cork cell, papilla, spike and epidermal hair), two self-retention rice cultivars could adapt to the increased UV-B radiation. On the aspect of the response index, Baijiaolaojin showed better adaptation than Yuelianggu did when the UV-B was 2.5 kJ m⁻².
Plants, via physiological and molecular processes, respond to unsuitable environmental conditions, resulting in stress tolerance. Most previous studies have focused on plant responses to a single abiotic stress, but the effects of combined water deficit and high temperature stresses are more severe and complex than those due to a single stress. Therefore, our study aimed to explore the differences in the damage caused by combined vs. single stresses. Grapevines were subjected to water deficit, high temperature, and water deficit plus high temperature treatments. The transcript levels of heat- and drought-stress genes, activities of photosystem II (PS II) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase), and changes in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis were evaluated. The activities of PS II and antioxidant enzymes were lower under the water deficit plus high temperature treatment than under the heat treatment alone. The concentration of ABA and the transcript levels of ABA biosynthesis-related genes increased under both types of stress. The enhanced thermo-tolerance observed under drought stress could be attributed to increased PS II efficiency, as well as to changes in antioxidant pathways, mediated by a common regulatory system or including a substantial cross talk between heat- and drought-stress signaling.
We present a detailed study to investigate if silicon supplementation enhances chilling resistance of seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) turf. An enhanced growth status suggests an improved chilling resistance by Si addition, which is coupled with the observation of more Si cells in leaf epidermal cells, as well as a lower LT₅₀ (the low temperature required to cause 50% electrolyte leakage). Chilling stress induces significant adaptive increases of free proline (P<0.01), all soluble sugar (P<0.01) and the activity of peroxidase (POD) (P<0.05), and leads to the decreases of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (P<0.05), results in notably higher measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.05). Silicon addition promoted significant increase of proline and sucrose (P<0.01), while maintaining significantly higher activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and notably leveling off of MDA (P<0.05) under chilling stress. These results indicate that silicon enhances the chilling resistance of turfgrass via maintaining a stable membrane and a beneficial cell status readily coping with the chilling-induced oxidative stress.
To understand the effects of geomorphology and environment on the 13C character of soil organic carbon (SOC) in a hilly karst area, 26 soil samples were collected in 2008 in Nanchuan, Chongqing, SW China. The results showed that the δ13C-SOC values were between -18.66‰~-27.41‰, with the mean value of -23.3‰. The data firmly indicated that the modern soil organic carbon was the mixture of C3 and C4 plants and mainly originated from C3 plants rather than C4 plants. According to the sequence of δ13C-SOC along the geomorphological change at this hilly karst area, it can be seen that the δ13C-SOC values was the crest > brae > foot. Based on the results of correlation analysis, the positive correlation between the δ13C-SOC values and their altitude is 0.432 (p=0.028), which reflects the land/soil degradation effects caused by the hilly geomorphology, especially in the water and soil erosion process.
The β-carbonic anhydrase (β-CA) is regarded as a zinc-containing enzyme involved in photosynthesis. Here, the rice plants of cv. N22 were treated with foliar spray at a Zn²⁺ concentration range from 0–35.0 mM during the tillering stage. The β-CA expression in the treated leaves was quantitatively determined by RT-qPCR and gel-based immunoblotting techniques, and its enzyme activity and relative chlorophyll concentration were measured. Results indicated that exogenous zinc could benefit rice plants at the tillering stage, particularly chloroplast β-CA with a fourfold enhancement in gene expression and a 14.6 % increase in its activity by treating the rice leaves with the 7.0-mM Zn²⁺ concentration, thereby promoting photosynthesis by a 19.4 % increase in relative chlorophyll concentration per unit leaf area. Results also showed that the application of Zn²⁺ at a concentration exceeding 7.0 mM could result in leaf senescence, and in some cases leaf hurts with significant inactivation (decreasing by approximately 70 %) of β-CA enzyme. It could be concluded that the application of 7.0-mM Zn²⁺ benefits rice plants at the tillering stage. The β-CA activity was associated with the catalytic microenvironment, thus providing an indicator for physiological response to exogenous zinc in rice.
Climate change and human activities influence runoff and sediment load in an integrated way. However, under similar climate conditions the variability in runoff and sediment load is mainly a result of human activities. In this study, the change trends of runoff and sediment load were detected with linear regression analysis for the Beiluo River on the Loess Plateau, China. The impact of human activities on runoff and sediment was examined under similar weather conditions based on continuous monthly data of climate and runoff and sediment load from 1958 to 2012 at the Zhuangtou Hydrological Station. The results showed that: 1) Annual runoff and sediment load varied greatly and declined significantly in the study period, but precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (ET0) estimated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Penman-Monteith Method had no significant trend. 2) The paired periods with similar precipitation and ET0 were selected if they had similar annual amounts (less than 2%) and similar changing process controlled by monthly data (P<0.05). It has been demonstrated that the decreases of runoff and sediment load were mostly (60%, 70%, 75%) induced by human activities within the paired periods. 3) Evidence on the impact of human activities on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) change and sediment reduced by soil and water conservation practices could explain the runoff and sediment load change in this basin. The data indicated that approximately 46 Mt of sediment was deposited annually from 1960-99 as a result of soil and water conservation structures
In this study, wastes and minerals were incorporated into the production of bricks as a kind of waterpurifying substrate. The brick contained 72% clay, 10% bagasse, 10% steel slag, 5% zeolite, and 3% calcite by weight. The brick exhibited highly and hierarchically porous structure. It can remove phosphate and ammonium simultaneously from aqueous solutions with the maximum adsorption amount of 3.8 mg/g for phosphate and 0.7 mg/g for ammonium. Kinetic analysis showed that the brick had a faster removal rate for phosphate than ammonium. The maximum desorbability of phosphate and ammonium were found to be 5.9% and 13.9%, respectively. Considering wastes recycling, easy fabrication, and favorable properties, this type of brick has the potential to be applied to in-situ remediation of aquatic environment.
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