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Contaminations of in vitro cell cultures constitute a serious threat to research. Infected cell lines may negatively influence the results of experiments, as well as expose the researchers to problems associated with the termination of the culture and decontamination of the laboratory. This paper presents the most common types of contaminations in experiments based on animal cell cultures. The key sign that may indicate infection is a decreased viability of the cell line and, in many cases, destruction of the cells. Depending on the type of infection, specific signs can be observed, and different methods for the detection of the infectious agent can be applied. Typical contaminations include bacterial and viral infections, sprouting fungal and yeasts cultures, or the presence of mycoplasma, endotoxin, protozoa, and invertebrates. In some cases, cross-contamination may occur, in which a cell culture is infected by another cell line. The main source of contaminations is an inappropriate implementation of good laboratory practices by laboratory personnel, as well as the use of nonsterile reagents, plasticware and CO₂ incubators. The most common method of fighting cell line infections is the elimination of the infected cell culture and decontamination of the laboratory. In working with cell cultures, it is necessary to observe the rules of sterile work and to know the sources and signs of infection to effectively mitigate the threat.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a novel method widely used in animal science and veterinary research. This technique revolutionized molecular biology and animal genetics research. The unquestionable advantage of NGS is an almost unlimited insight into genetic information. This review discusses the most important applications and achievements in poultry genomics available due to detailed sequence information. Here we present the development of sequencing methods and their further applications in poultry research. The chicken is an important livestock species and a model organism. It is the first non-mammalian amniote whose genome was sequenced by the International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium. Therefore, analysis of the chicken genome as a model organism and comparative analysis of genome reference plays an important role in current research. The detailed knowledge of the chicken genome position of genes associated with most important phenotypic traits will contribute to the development of molecular methods for the selection of animals.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, is a novel method widely used in animal science and veterinary research. Introduction of NGS was a great breakthrough that has revolutionized the world of molecular biology techniques and animal genetics. An unquestionable advantage of NGS is connected with the almost unlimited insight into genetic information it provides. This review discusses the most important applications and achievements in animal genomics thanks to detailed sequence information. Here we present the history of sequencing and its further development. Applications of the NGS technique in whole genome sequencing, whole exorne sequencing, targeted sequencing of DNA fragments and RNA sequencing in animal research are discussed.
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