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Urbanization processes in Poland usually occur at the expense of green areas. Therefore it seems important to restore biologically active areas in urban courtyards, especially in old and neglected neighborhoods. The revitalization proposal in this paper aims to create a more resident-friendly space in Wrocław. The concept of green areas and small architecture is intended to meet the needs of peoples of different ages and different needs of leisure, taking into account exercise and more passive activities, such as reading outdoors, integration of people, and other pastimes, such as the barbecue.
A total of ninety white storks (Ciconia ciconia) of both sexes aged over one year of life and at a body weight between 2.8-4.15 kg were subjects for observations. They were collected from the Warmia and Masuria region, and were rehabilitees of The Wild Birds Rehabilitation Center (Bukwald, Poland). The storks formed a group of birds that had wing damage like broken bones and were unable to fly. According to the severity of the case storks underwent three different kinds of treatment. Light cases of motion disability were submitted to wing or leg stabilization with adhesive bandages (treatment I), while middle and severe cases were additionally submitted to the administration of one (treatment II) or two capsules (treatment III) of propolis and pollen bee preparation (Apipol Farma’s Propolis Plus®) for two weeks, respectively. After the convalescence period a total of twenty three white storks did not recover and were euthanized and dissected. Post mortem samples of pectoral and femoral muscles as well as liver and kidney samples were taken. Mercury concentration was analyzed and the results revealed that the level in the kidneys and liver of white storks not receiving propolis preparation were significantly higher than that of those from treatment II and III. Contrary to this, the mercury concentration recorded in the pectoral and femoral muscles of the birds of treatment II and treatment III were significantly higher than that of the treatment without propolis preparation. The results showed that propolis and pollen bee preparation can reduce the level of mercury in kidneys and liver, but has no influence on the reduction of mercury in pectoral and femoral muscles.
The abscission of certain organs from the plant is part of the fulfilment of its developmental programs. The separation process occurs in a specialized abscission zone usually formed at the base of detached organ. The changing level of phytohormones, particularly ethylene, is the element responsible for coordinating anatomical and physiological transformation that accompanies organ abscission. The application of ethylene (ET) on Lupinus luteus stimulates flower abortion. However, the treatment with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) – direct ET precursor – does not cause such a strong physiological response. In turn, when applied on the pedicels both ET biosynthesis (2-aminoethoxyvinylglycine; AVG) and action (norbornadiene; NBD) inhibitors reversed the stimulatory effect of ET on generative organ separation. In order to determine ET role in the flower abscission process in L. luteus, we identified the sequences coding for synthase (LlACS) and oxidase (LlACO) of ACC and measured their expression levels. Abscission zone activation is accompanied by a considerable increase both in LlACS and LlACO cDNAs and also ACC content, which is specifically localized in the dividing cells at the base of the flower being detached. Obtained results suggest that ET is a strong stimulator of flower abortion in L. luteus.
The great agronomic potential of Lupinus luteus, species widely cultivated in many European countries as well as Australia, is strongly affected by premature and excessive generative organ abscission, mainly flowers. The unwanted process takes place in a specialized group of cells, called abscission zone (AZ). During their development they become competent to respond to external and internal factors, including phytohormones. Recently it was shown that the formation of AZ cells in Arabidopsis thaliana is coordinated by transcription factors, BLADEON- PETIOLE (BOPs). There is no such data, excluding tobacco plants, about BOP-dependent regulation of organ abscission in crop plants. In this work, we examined LlBOP mRNA content during generative organs AZ development and functioning. The high accumulation of LlBOP transcript was accompanied by the differentiation of morphologically distinct cells at the base of the mature flower pedicel. Moreover, enhanced LlBOP expression was observed in the active AZ, and was regulated by factors, which can strongly affect generative organ abscission. All these data indicate that LlBOP is involved in the abscission zone formation and functioning in L. luteus.
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