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Próbki gleby (20) pobrano do głębokości 20 cm gleb uprawnych w województwie legnickim. Oznaczono pH w 1M KCl, węgiel organiczny, zawartość iłu i pojemność wymienną w stosunku do kationów (PWK). Cynk ogólny oznaczono w H₂F₂, a jego formy rozpuszczalne za pomocą 0,1 M CH₃COONH₄ o pH 4,6 i 7,0; NH₄-EDTA o pH 4,6 przy 0,025; 0,05; 0,1M oraz 0,1M NH₄-EDTAo pH 7,0; 8,2 i 10,0. Wyciągi z NH₄-EDTA ekstrahowały średnio 29,6 mg Zn/kg gleby (26,7 - 32,6). Zawartość Zn w octanie amonu o pH 4,6 wynosiła średnio 23,0 i najmniejszą jego ilość 4,3 mg/kg ekstrahował roztwór o pH 7,0. Analiza wyników (regresja liniowa) wykazała istotną zależność ( r > 0,60**) ekstrahowanej frakcji Zn z jego zawartością całkowitą, za wyjątkiem CH₃COONH₄ o pH 7,0 (r = 0,07). Właściwości fizyczne i chemiczne gleby nie skorelowały z zawartością Zn w wyciągach glebowych. Generalnie NH₄-EDTA wykazał słabe zróżnicowanie w ekstrakcji cynku w zależności od molarności i pH roztworu, co potwierdza uniwersalność jego stosowania w procedurach ekstrakcji sekwencyjnej.
The effect of three different moisture statuses, i.e., 150, 200 and 300% FWC (Field Water Capacity) on copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) solubility and solution activity was investigated on soil samples characterised by different levels of copper contamination. Soils (200 g) were weighted into polyethylene containers (500 cm3) and amounts of bidistilled water were properly added to reach the targeted moisture status of 150, 200 and 300% of the FWC. The incubation was held under laboratory conditions at the temperature of 19-20oC for a period of 30 days. Supernatants (10 cm3) were collected at given intervals of time, filtered and analysed for pH (potentiometrically) as well as for Cu, Fe, and Mn (spectrophotometrically). It was found that the activity of Cu2+ ions decreased gradually with increasing pH of the solution, irrespective of the moisture status and that this process was more pronounced for 150 and 200% than for 300% FWC. The activity of Fe varied in a narrow range i.e. –5.0 and –6.0 molcdm-3 and was related to pH changes (in the range 4.0-7.5). The impact of increased moisture status on the solubility process was less pronounced. Further studies should be undertaken in order to elucidate such Fe behaviour. Manganese solution activity varied mostly between – 4.0 and –7.0 molcdm-3, and was found to be less sensitive to pH changes. But it must be pointed out that the effect of high pH on the increase of Mn activity was limited, which implied that Mn2+ activity was moisture-dependent, basically. Care should be taken to avoid any submersion of soils subjected to contamination or pollution by trace metals, since any excess of stagnant water (anoxic conditions) leads to increased solubility and simultaneous activity of trace metals in the solution. This process is greatly strengthened by significant amounts of soil-born Fe and organic matter.
Agricultural ecosystems are differently sensitive to heavy metal inputs, which at present are directly related to human activities. Lead is of particular concern due to its ability to threaten soil quality and human health. The investigated soil samples were collected from different agricultural soils (under cereal croppings) moderately subjected to activity of the Głogów Copper Smelter (Poland). They consisted of an acidic soil (Dystri-Gleyic Fluvisols - S₁) and three near neutral to slightly alkaline soils (Haplic Luvisols - S₂, Gleyic Fluvisols - S₃ and Molli-Gleyic Fluvisols - S₄). These soils were tested in order to determine the impact of additional Pb inputs on its dynamics and mobility. Of all the soils studied, S₂, S₃ and S4 have exhibited higher acid buffer capacities than S₁. Lead sorption parameters, such as Langmuir adsorption maximum (amax) and parameters related to interaction energies (b) as well as the Freundlich partition parameter (KF), were used for comparing the reactivity and dynamics of added Pb into these soils. The data showed that S₂, S₃ and S₄ retained more Pb than did S₁, characterized by low specific surface area (SSA) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Charge-based (SDCEC) and specific surface-based (SDSSA) sorption densities were also used for evaluating the direct impact of additional Pb inputs. These parameters revealed that S₂, S₃ and S₄ may support greater inputs of Pb with less threat to its mobility, in contrast to S₁. Therefore, any practices leading to additional Pb inputs into the latter soil may result in serious Pb mobility. The negative values of the Gibbs free energy changes (ΔGo) for Pb dynamics in the studied soils confirm that the ion exchange process proceeded naturally and spontaneously with a markedly high affinity for Pb ions developed by S₂, S₃ and S₄, and low affinity by S₁.
An attempt to evaluate adsorption parameters and charge-based densities for Pb is reported in the paper. The method was based on the calculation of Langmuir adsorption maximum (amax), and the bonding energy term (b). The parameters were the outcome of well-established linear relationships of Ce/S versus Ce (Ce, equilibrium concentration and S, amount adsorbed). The use of charge-based sorption density parameter (SDCEC), which expressed the number of accessible charges for Pb adsorption, evidenced the occurrence of two main adsorption phases, characterised by two different slopes. The first ones, varying from 0.536 to 3.144 were suggested to be attributed to ‘high attractive sites’, whereas the second with slopes from 0.011 to 0.259, probably represented ‘low attractive sites.
Three adsorption equations were applied to verify the influence of correction values (CV) on adsorption parameters calculated using Langmuir, Freundlich and Gunary isotherms. It was found that the inclusion or not of the correction values into the -Langmuir equation did not yield appreciable differences either for amax or b parameters in the case of soils with relatively high organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and neutral pH. For the Freundlich equation, the higher the correction values the lower the partition parameters. Maximum adsorption parameters (amax) calculated from the Gunary equation were proportionally related to correction values. The higher the correction values the higher the amax parameters. On the basis of the current results it seemed that the goodness-of-fit criteria for analytical data to adsorption equations herein applied may be partially related to correction values. Ideally, the sorption studies would be determined in systems in which the surface would be free of the adsorbate ion. Usually this restriction is far not feasible, mainly in soil environment.
Soil samples (77) were collected in October 2009 at a depth of 0-10 cm from the following recreational parks within the city of Poznań Marcinkowski Recreational Park – MRP (18), Wodziczko Recreational Park – WRP (16), Solacki Recreational Park – SRP (26), and Park/Reserve Zurawiniec – PRZ (17). The following physical and chemical soil analyses were performed: particle size, organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity. Furthermore, pseudo total amounts of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn were extracted by 6 moles HCl dm-3. Bioavailable forms were assayed using the physiologically based extraction test (PBET). On the basis of metal concentrations, potential intakes by children and adults were calculated and risk assessment models elaborated. Results showed that investigated city parks (MRP, WRP and SRP) exhibited a high capacity to potentially mitigate the mobility of contaminants (pH: 7.1-7.3, CEC 12.0-21.1 cmol(+)・kg⁻¹) as compared to PRZ (pHCaCl2=5.6) and both silt and clay (320 kg⁻¹), characterized by practically weak buffering properties. The concentrations of all metals exceeded background levels by factors varying, as follows: Cd 6-14; Pb 2-6; Cu 2-3; and Zn 1-4-fold. This enrichment was observed even in the case of the PRZ site, the least anthropogenically impacted. Potential metal intakes by children (particularly) and adults, in cases of accidental swallowing, exhibited the quantitative pattern: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd, irrespective of investigated parks. Amounts of metal intakes were higher for children, with 94% as compared to 6%, for adults with the following contribution of parks: MRP (42%) > WRP (27%) > SRP (21%) > PRZ (10%). Risk assessment models generated coefficients of determination (R²) varying from 0.57 to 0.81 with a sequence: Zn > Cd > Cu > Pb, which implies that 81, 67, 65, and 57% of respective potential metal intakes can be basically predicted by the knowledge of the level of bioavailable metals fractions.
Field trials were carried out in order to examine the role of some geochemical indices (S : Al; Mg : Al) and partition coefficient (Kd) for evaluating response of crops to aluminum toxicity under acid soil conditions. They were established in 2007/2008 at Głuszyna Leśna (52014, N and 16056, E), a 300-hectare agricultural farm near Poznan. Two different crop plants were tested: (i) winter oilseed rape, variety Cabriolet, (ii) maize, variety Anamur. The source of magnesium and sulphur was kieserite (MgSO4⋅H2O) applied at four Mg rates: 0, 25, 50, 100 kg Mg ha–1 in the first decade of November 2007. The results revealed that the values of partition coefficient for magnesium (KdMg) decreased along with a rise in pH, although a reverse trend was observed for the partition coefficient of aluminum KdAl. Changes in S : Al indices observed at both sites along with increasing kieserite (Mg) rates suggest that S-SO4 concentrations in soil may reduce Al toxicity. The introduction of S-SO4 to soil may be intended to meet plant’s nutritional requirements and, simultaneously, react with exchangeable aluminum (Alex) in order to mitigate its phytotoxicity. On the other hand, the incorporated magnesium (Mg2+) was expected to exchange with Al3+ ions in the soil cation exchange complex (CEC). The values of Mg : Al indices decreased with raising kieserite rates at the oilseed rape site. Changes of Mg : Al indices observed under extremely acid soil conditions (maize site) along with increasing kieserite (Mg) rates suggest that Mg : Al cannot be treated as a direct index describing the Mgex – Alex interaction, especially at 25 and 50 kg Mg ha–1 rates. The values of S : Al and Mg : Al indices were lower at the maize site than at the oilseed rape site because of large amounts of Alex concentrated in soil solution (amounts of Alex on the maize site were ca 3-fold higher than those determined at the oilseed rape site).
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Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie sorpcji miedzi w glebie w następstwie jej inkubacji z resztkami roślinnymi o zróżnicowanej zawartości azotu (lucerna, słoma sojowa i pszenna). Wielkość sorpcji oceniono za pomocą parametrów sorpcji wg pojedynczego i podwójnego równania Langmuir'a. Ilość zasorbowanej miedzi zmniejszyła się w następstwie wprowadzenia do gleby resztek roślinnych bogatych w azot. Przyczyną jej spadku był wzrost zawartości amonowej formy azotu w glebie. Przewaga ujemnych zależności korelacyjnych między amax, b oraz zawartością formy amonowej azotu sugeruje istnienie konkurencji o miejsce wiązania między kationem amonowym powstającym w procesie rozkładu resztek roślinnych a miedzią.
W 7-mio tygodniowym doświadczeniu inkubacvjnym badano wpływ liści rzodkwi (49.6 mg N/kg s.m.), buraka (32.0), dębu (23.0), lipy (21.8), łodyg rzodkwi (30.5) oraz rośliny na intensywność wydzielania CO₂, zawartość Corg., azotu mineralnego i ruchomego w glebie. Kumulatywna suma wydzielonego CO₂, oraz zawartość Nog w glebie po 14-tu dniach inkubacji zależała od zawartości azotu w inkubowanym materiale roślinnym. Roślina zwiększała szybkość rozkładu azotu organicznego w glebie. Żywe korzenie roślin stabilizowały zawartość substancji organicznej w glebie inkubowanej z materiałem roślinnym o relatywnie niskiej zawartości azotu. Martwe korzenie stabilizowały zawartość Corg w glebie nawożonej mineralnie i resztkami roślinnymi bogatymi w azot.
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