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Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
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Chicken intestinal microbiota function with a special emphasis on the role of probiotic bacteria

100%
Cisek A. A., Binek M.
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
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2014
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tom 17
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nr 2
Bacterial colonization of the chicken gut by environmental microbes begins immediately after hatching. Composition of the intestinal microbiota is dependent on the surrounding environment, diet variation, pathological conditions, antibiotic therapy, and others. The genomes of all these intestinal microbes form a microbiome which by far outnumbers the host’s genome. As a consequence, the microbiome provides additional metabolic functions to the host, including nutrient utilization and absorption, fermentation of non-digestible dietary fiber, synthesis of some vitamins, biotransformation of bile acids, and the well-being of their chicken host. Microorganisms can also directly interact with the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, which may alter the physiology and immunological status of the bird. Since newly hatched broiler chickens demonstrate delayed commensal colonization and low bacterial diversity, the most effective and harmless method available to control the development and composition of the intestinal microbiota is a competitive exclusion treatment by applying probiotic bacteria. Additionally, recent research has shown that probiotic bacteria have a variety of beneficial effects, including counteraction of dysbiosis, promotion of gut health and homeostasis, enhancement of immune defenses and antagonization of infectious agents.
2
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African Swine Fever Virus: a new old enemy of Europe

81%
Cisek A. A., Dabrowska I., Gregorczyk K. P., Wyzewski Z.
Annals of Parasitology
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2016
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tom 62
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nr 3
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease of swine with a mortality rate approaching 100 percent. African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with a complex molecular structure. Its large genome, encoding multiple virulence factors, allows for efficient replication, which takes place predominantly in the cytoplasm of monocytes and macrophages. Also, ASFV has the ability to interfere with cell signalling pathways, which leads to various modulations in the synthesis profiles of interferon and other cytokines. Sustained viremia favours the persistence of virions in blood and tissues of the convalescents, and the extended circulation of ASFV within the herd. ASFV has been spreading in the Caucasus since 2007, and in 2014 reached the eastern territory of the European Union. Outbreaks pose an economical threat to native pig rearing, especially since a single point source may easily develop into an epizootic event. There is currently no effective vaccine nor treatment for ASF, and eradication is possible only by prevention or the slaughter of diseased animals. This review paper summarizes the current state of knowledge about ASFV.
3

Antimicrobial resistance in Rhodococcus equi

81%
Cisek A. A., Rzewuska M., Witkowski L., Binek M.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2014
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tom 61
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nr 4
4

Mikrobiom jelitowy kury domowej - rozwój i funkcja

61%
Binek M., Cisek A. A., Rzewuska M., Chrobak-Chmiel D., Stefanska I., Kizerwatter-Swida M.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
|
2017
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tom 73
|
nr 10
Chicken ceca contain an immense number of microorganisms collectively known as the microbiome. This community is now recognized as an essential component of the intestinal ecosystem and referred to as a metabolic organ exquisitely tuned to the host’s physiology. These functions include the ability to process otherwise indigestible components of the feed, converting them into energy and body mass. The gut microbiome can also affect intestinal morphology and modulate the development and function of the immune system. This microbiota contains a rich collection of genes encoding enzymes necessary for decomposition of dietary polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, nitrogen metabolism, fatty acid and lipid metabolism, and pathways involved in a hydrogen sink. Chickens, like most animals, lack the genes for glycoside hydrolase, polysaccharide lyase, and carbohydrate esterase enzymes that are necessary to facilitate the degradation of non-starch polysaccharides. During the decomposition of dietary polysaccharides, bacteria produce short-chain (volatile) fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic, propionic and butyric acid. These SCFASs are absorbed transepithelially and serve as a source of energy for the host. The accumulation of molecular hydrogen released during fermentation leads to fermentation slowdown or to the production of less energy-efficient substances, such as ethanol, butyrate and propionate. The presence of bacteria that act as a hydrogen sink results in a switch to the more productive fermentation into acetate and increased production of SCFAs. Such activity could lead to a significant improvement in poultry production and the associated economics.
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Drobnoustroje jelitowe fizjologicznym partnerem gospodarza

61%
Binek M., Rzewuska M., Kizerwetter-Swida M., Chrobak-Chmiel D., Gierynska M., Cisek A. A.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
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2016
|
tom 72
|
nr 09
The gastrointestinal tract in humans and animals contains a very large number of highly diverse microorganisms. This microbiota plays a major role in the host’s physiology, homeostasis, and well-being. It forms a barrier against infection, helps to develop and mature the immune system, and participates in the extraction of nutrients and energy from food. Various members of microbial community maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier and promote epithelial repair after injury. The intestinal barrier defenses consist of the mucous layer, antimicrobial peptides, secretory IgA, and the epithelial barrier function by junctional adhesion complex. A healthy host exists in a state of balance with its microorganisms. A disruption of the microbial community increases the host’s susceptibility to infection. Although the immune response is necessary for the host to eliminate the invading pathogen, certain aspects of the host’s response may work to the pathogen’s advantage. Certain components of the microbiota have been shown to drive inflammatory response, which, if uncontrolled, has the potential to induce a pathological response, whereas others enhance or promote antiinflammatory responses. The effector microbial molecules are usually detected via receptor-signaling pathways including Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors. These pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) interact with and identify microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) of both commensal and pathogenic bacteria. PRRs signaling, once thought to exclusively yield pro-inflammatory activation by pathogenic bacteria, is now known to be differentially activated by commensal and probiotic bacteria to induce pathways involved in gut homeostasis, cytoprotection, epithelial cell proliferation, regulation of tight junctions, and antimicrobial peptide secretion. The microbial-epithelial cross-talk is fundamental in appreciating how the developing intestine achieves tolerance to bacteria and how dysregulation of this process may predispose the gut to inflammation and disease.
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