Disorders involving the orofacial area represent a major medical and social problem. They are a consequence of central nociceptive processes associated with stimulation of the trigeminal nerve nucleus. A rat model of trigeminal pain, utilizing tongue jerks evoked by electrical tooth pulp stimulation during perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with various neuropeptide solutions, can be used in the pharmacological studies of nociception in orofacial area. The investigated neuropeptides diffuse through the cerebroventricular lining producing an analgesic effect either directly, through the trigemino-hypoglossal reflex arc neurons or indirectly through the periaqueductal central gray, raphe nuclei or locus coeruleus neurons. The aim of this review is to present the effect of pharmacological activity of various neuropeptides affecting the transmission of the sensory information from the orofacial area on the example of trigemino-hypoglossal reflex in rats.
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This article contains the considerations of polish biogas plants actual state and specific problems. Polish energy sector faces a difficult series of challenges implementation of the EU Guidlines and long time strategy targets, especially for the renewable energy sources. The long expectation for a law on renewable energy, which came into force in May 4, 2015 year, determined the slow development of the slow development of renewable energy sources in Poland. As a result, domestic biogas market is growing slowly, and decreases its attractiveness. Agricultural biogas plants in Poland have a chance to develop undisputed due to the available raw material base, unfortunately investors Still are delaying the start of already advanced installation. The important and noticeable impact on presented situation also has a low value of certificates of origin (green energy certificates).
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