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Background. As a food, groundnut is one of the most concentrated products, since it is very high in calories due to its high fat and protein content. One gram of groundnut supplies 6.03 kcal (25.2 kJ) compared with 4 kcal (16.7 kJ) for pure cane sugar, 3.6 kcal (15.1 kJ) for polished rice, 3.5 kcal (14.6 kJ) for maize flour and 2.7 kcal (11.3 kJ). Groundnut flour is used as food and 2.7 kcal (11.3 kJ). Groundnut flour is used as food in soup or stew, sauces, confectionaries, puddings, bakery products and in various other ways for human consumption. These uses of groundnut necessitate the determination of the general composition of groundnut. Material and methods. About 1.0 kg dried seeds of groundnut was involved in the analysis of the sample. It was divided into three parts for the dry, dry cooked and dry roasted samples. Defatted groundnut seeds were used using standard analytical method in which chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v) was used as extraction solvent. lon exchange chromatography method was used in the analysis of the amino acid composition using the Technicon Sequential Multisample (TSM) Amino Acid Analyser. Various methods were used to determine the quality parameters of the protein. Other parameters were the predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER), essential amino acid index (EAAI) and the isoelectric point (pi). The statistical analysis was also carried out. Results. Total amino acid was as follows: (g/100 g crude protein, cp): 83.5 (raw seeds, Rs), 85.9 (cooked seeds, Cs) and 66.8 (roasted seeds, Rt.s) with corresponding essential amino acids as: 39.4 or 47.2% (Rs), 38.3 or 44.6% (Cs) and 30.0 or 44.9% (Rt.s). Predicted protein efficiency ratios were 2.55 (Rs), 3.00 (Cs) and 2.31 (Rt.s) and essential amino acid index of 1.18 (Rs), 1.08 (Cs) and 0.83 (Rt.s). Cooking enhanced the amino acid levels of Asp, Ser, Glu, Pro, Arg, Ala, Cys, Val, Leu and Phe. The following essential amino acids were reduced by both cooking and roasting: Lys (15.9-27.6%), His (4.23-16.5%), Thr (40.1-60.6%), Met (38.0-63.4%) and Ile (13.3-31.8%). Ali the parameters between Rs/Cs and most of the parameters between Rs/Rt.s were significantly different at r=o_05- Conclusions. Processing of raw groundnut seeds particularly roasting is deleterious to the amino acid composition and quality. The protein values (g/100 g) were: 29.0 (raw), 28.4 (cooked) and 26.9 (roasted). When a 30 kg child consumes 100 g of raw seeds per day, his FAO/WHO requirements of Val and Ile would be met by 135% and 138% respectively; for roasted seeds it would be 135% (Val) and 117% (Ile); for roasted seeds it would be 101% (Val) and 87.2%. Raw groundnut seeds are recommended in complementing cereals for weaning foods, followed by cooked seeds but not roasted seeds.
This article reports the amino acid profiles of the innards of the male and female dry samples of Neopetrolisthes maculatus collected from the Atlantic Ocean at Orimedu beach in Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. The analytical results showed high values of amino acids being observed in both heterosexual samples (g 100g⁻¹ protein): 8.17-8.32 (Leu), 8.35-10.3 (Asp), 17.6-18.2 (Glu) and 7.76-9.55 (Arg) with total amino acid values being greater in female innards (97.6g100g⁻¹) than the male innards (95.5g 100g⁻¹). These quality parameters were instructive of the quality of the amino acids in the innards of N. maculatus: P-PER1, (2.83-3.01), P-PER2 (2.89-2.96), EAAI (88.7-89.0), BV (85.0-85.5), Lys/Trp (L/T) (3.00-5.01), Met/Trp (M/T) (1.78-3.50) and Phe/Tyr (1.04 - 1.65). The pI values were close at 5.46-5.57. In the amino acid groups (classes), the following trend was observed: class I > IV >V > VI > II > III > VII. For the amino acid scores: serine (0.487-0.511) was limiting in both samples on the total hen’s egg scoring pattern; in provisional scoring pattern, Lys was limiting in both samples with values of 0.820-0.889 and in the pre-school amino acid requirements, Lys was also limiting at 0.778-0.843. In the statistical analyses total amino acid profiles as well as egg scores were significantly different between the two samples whereas quality scores in pre-school amino acid requirements and provisional amino acid scoring pattern were both not significantly different between the two samples all at r=₌₀.₀₁. Among the EAAs, six out of nine (66.7%) were more concentrated in the male innards and three of nine (33.3%) were more concentrated in the female. Thus the overall summary showed the male innards amino acids were of better quality than in the female as shown: male innards EEA = 46.1 g100g⁻¹ and 46.0 g100g⁻¹ in the female with corresponding TNEAA of 49.3g 100g⁻¹ and 51.6g 100g⁻¹ respectively.
This paper reports on amino acid profiles of the flesh of heterosexuals of porcellanids collected from the Atlantic Ocean at Orimedu beach in Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. Results showed that high values of amino acids were observed in the heterosexual flesh of Neopetrolisthes maculatus (g 100g⁻¹ protein): 17.7 – 17.8 (Glu), 9.90 – 10.0 (Asp), 8.70 – 9.07 (Arg), 7.23 – 7.94 (Leu) and 5.81 – 6.06 (Gly). Total essential amino acid values ranged from 45.2 to 46.2 g 100⁻¹ g. Predicted protein efficiency ratio was 3.82 – 4.14, the range of essential amino acid index was 86.9 – 89.9, the biological values ranged from 83.0 to 86.3. The Lys/Trp was 3.31- 4.27. Serine was limiting amino acid (0.513 – 0.516) in the egg score comparison; under the essential amino acids scores, Lys (0.840) was limiting in female but Val (0.823) was limiting in the male; Lys (0.796 – 0.905) was limiting in both samples in the pre-school child amino acid requirements. It was observed that out of the twenty parameters determined, male flesh was more concentrated in 60% values than the female flesh and 40% better in female than male. Correlation coefficient result showed that significant differences existed in the amino acids composition at r = 0.01 of the N. maculatus samples.
The proximate and mineral composition of the whole body (edible parts), flesh and exoskeleton of the male and female common West African fresh water crab Sudananautes africanus africanus were determined on a dry weight basis. In the exoskeleton and flesh, the protein, fat, the percentage utilizable energy due to protein and metabolizable energy were all of higher concentration in male than in female. Among the three samples the trace elements of Co, Fe, Ni, Mn and Zn were reasonably concentrated but Cu was not detected. In all the samples the Ca/P ratio was poor with values that ranged from 0.08 to 0.20 whereas that of Na/K was high with values of 0.86 to 1.35. Fcalculated > Ftable at p<0.05 in proximate composition of male and female in exoskeleton, flesh, whole body; in mineral composition in male and female in exoskeleton, flesh, whole body; and in the mineral ratio in the flesh of male and female samples.
Amino acids composition of Thryonomys swingerianus is reported. Whereas protein values (g100g⁻¹) had liver (74.1), kidney (91.5), heart (84.6); corresponding total amino acid values were 93.5, 83.2 and 80.6. True protein from the crude protein of the samples ran thus: liver>kidney>heart. Of the twenty parameters reported on, liver was best in 12/20 (60.0%), kidney and heart both shared the second position of 4/20(20%) each. Among the essential amino acids, leucine predominated in both liver (7.96g100g⁻¹ protein) and kidney (8.11g100g⁻¹ protein) but valine (6.21g100g⁻¹ protein) predominated in the heart. The P-PER values were; P-PER₁: 2.78 (liver), 2.91(kidney), 0.716 (heart) and P-PER₂: 2.71 (liver), 2.90 (kidney), 0.564 (heart). However, there was a reverse between liver and kidney in the EAAI values with liver (92.0) > kidney (90.2) > heart (87.6) with corresponding BV values of 88.5 > 86.6 > 83.7. In the amino acids scoring pattern, Ser was limiting in liver (0.533) and heart (0.394) but Thr (0.490) in kidney in whole hen’s egg score comparison; in FAO/WHO scoring standards, Thr was limiting in liver (0.988) and kidney (0.625) but Leu (0.459) in heart. In pre-school requirements, liver recorded no limiting amino acid whereas Thr was limiting in kidney (0.735) and Leu was limiting in the heart (0.486). T. swingerianus red viscera was compared with the red viscera of livestock animals (cattle, sheep and pork) as well as FAO/WHO/UNU standards for total essential amino acids. Our results when compared with the livestock red viscera (without Trp) and FAO/WHO/UNU (g100g⁻¹ protein), we have heart: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig: 45.3 /46.0/42.7/46.6; kidney: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig: 47.6/43.8/42.5/46.7; liver: grasscutter/cattle/ sheep/pig: 50.7/47.7/41.5/47.5 and grasscutter liver/kidney/heart/ FAO/WHO/UNU: 50.7/47.6/45.3/32.8 showing that all the red viscera values in T. swingerianus were better than the essential amino acids in the FAO/WHO/UNU standards and livestock red viscera. Statistical values showed that significant differences existed among the samples at r₌₀.₀₁.
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