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Expression of CD15 antigen (also referred to as stage specific embryonic antigen, SSEA-1, or Lewisx) was analyzed in cerebellar cultures prepared from seven day old rats by double immunostaining with anti-CD15 mAb7A and cell-specific antibody glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Vimentin. The immunocytochemical data suggest that the expression of CD15 antigen is restricted to some GFAP-positive cells with fibroblast-like morphology characteristic of Type-1 astrocytes. In order to explore the involvement of CD15 antigen in glial-neuronal interactions, the ability of mAb7A antibody to interfere with granule cell adhesion to a monolayer of astrocytes was tested in comparison with anti-GFAP. The adhesion of cerebellar granule cells to astrocytes, as determined by the number of bound cells, was decreased by 39% following preincubation with mAb7A. Anti-GFAP did not alter cell adhesion, indicating the specificity of the anti-CD15 antibody effect. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CD15 antigen participates in glial-neuronal interactions in the developing cerebellum. Furthermore, it may be speculated that the modulation of cell-surface CD15 expression contributes to the altered strength of glial-neuronal interaction, facilitating cell migration and differentiation.
This study examined low-frequency ultrasonic vocalizations (lUSVs) in rats during two types of sexual interactions: postejaculatory interval (PEI) and barrier – noncontact (NC) test. We report distinct classes of IUSVs that can be assigned to different emotional states; relaxation vs. frustration. Totally flat, 22-kHz calls (Class A), were observed during the relaxation state following ejaculation; characterized by immobilization or grooming during the PEI. On the other hand, twothree component IUSVs (Class B) that start at a higher frequency (45-kHz: flat, upward or short signal) and then shift to 35-23kHz (mostly to 2823-kHz), correspond as we assume, to arousal and frustration – active states associated with sniffing a hole or exploration during the NC test. We suggest that momentary, abrupt decreases of arousal during the frustration state correspond to Class B IUSVs. The detailed spectral analysis of the high-frequency component of twocomponent IUSVs is crucial for establishing the relationship between such IUSVs and the corresponding behavior and emotional states. Our studies indicate that while the twocomponent Class B 22-kHz IUSVs may relate to the frustration state, a single component, flat, Class A IUSV relates to the relaxation state. The results of these studies support a notion that rats emit distinct vocalization patterns, reflecting their emotional states.
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