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The increased inclination to natural rewards like food and sensation seeking have been associated with elevated drug intake in humans. We aimed to compare four inbred mouse strains with known different susceptibility to drug addiction in respect to response to natural rewards. In this study, we investigated four inbred strains C57Bl/6J, DBA/2J, SWR/J and 129P3/J in the selfadministration of food (SAF) and operant sensation seeking (OSS) models in three paradigms: (1) the fi xed ratio operant task (FR), (2) the progressive ratio operant task and (3) the concurrent choice operant task. No difference in response to reward in SAF FR paradigm was found among the studied strains. In contrast C57Bl/6J mice performed better then DBA/2J and 129P3/J strains in OSS paradigm while SWR mice did not react at all. In turn, the highest score of correct choice in SAF was observed in 129P3/J mice. The systemic administration of dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 or opioid receptor antagonists (naloxone or naltrexone) reduced the response to reward in the C57Bl/6J and DBA/2J mice. Our data suggest that genotype background is responsible for reward-seeking in SAF and OSS models with C57Bl/6J mice being the most responsive to the reward. We observed also that food as a reward has different motivational value than sensation seeking. Also our study indicates that opioid and dopaminergic systems may be involved in the response to natural rewards.
Chronic psychostimulant administration is a frequently used, however unspecific, model of mania in rodents. In our study, we investigated whether chronic administration of cocaine may produce in rats, also more specific, cognitive symptoms of mania, such as the hyperoptimistic cognitive judgment bias. To accomplish this goal, after initial behavioral training, 2 groups of rats were subjected either to 2 weeks of chronic cocaine treatment or physiological saline injections. Before and after the treatment the animals were tested with ambiguous-cue interpretation paradigm. We report that chronic cocaine administration does not produce optimistic judgment bias in rats. Supported by the National Science Centre (Research grant: Sonata bis dec-2012/07/E/NZ4/00196) and the statutory funds of the Institute of Pharmacology PAS.
The noradrenergic system of the brain has been postulated to mediate arousal, selective attention, as well as anxiety, depression and learning and memory. Here we report the behavioral phenotype of transgenic mouse (NR1DbhCre) with selective ablation of the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 in noradrenergic cells. We focused on behaviors modulated by the noradrenergic system, in particular anxiety-like behaviors in the light/dark box, and open fi eld as well as depressive-like behaviors in forced swim test. Furthermore, memory performance was measured using elevated plus maze spatial learning (EPMSL), Y maze, right/left discrimination, habituation to open fi led and novel object recognition and motivation-dependent behaviors was studied using food pellet self-administration paradigm. While no alterations were found in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in NR1DbhCre mice, the transgenic animals displayed impaired object recognition memory, but increased performance in right/left discrimination test. In addition, the NR1DbhCre mice displayed higher food reward sensitivity as evidenced by faster acquisition of food self-administration and higher breaking point in progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. In conclusion, the ablation of NMDA receptors in noradrenergic neurons in mice produce impairment of recognition memory and alteration of motivational systems.
Single morphine administration to mice leads to changes in the expression of numerous genes in mouse striatum. Among them are genes regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor activation, like Sgk1, Gilz and Plzf [Korostynski et al. (2007) Genome Biol]. Analysis of their expression patterns with the use of in situ hybridization revealed their different regional distribution throughout the brain. To verify the cellular specifi city of expression, the double immunohistochemical stainings were performed with antibodies directed against investigated proteins and cellular markers (NeuN, GFAP, CC1, OX42). The results show that certain morphine- and GR-induced proteins are expressed in neurons, whereas others in glial cells. Hence, their regulation depends on the cell-type specifi c context.
The brain’s noradrenergic system system provides essential modulation to neuronal activity, with well established roles in control of arousal and selective attention, as well as memory, learning and response to stress. We have generated a transgenic mouse, NR1DbhCre, with ablation of the essential NMDA receptor subunit NR1 (Grin1) in noradrenergic cells. Since no functional NMDA receptors may be formed in the absence of NR1, and their expression is restricted to the central nervous system, the NR1DbhCre mice have impaired glutamate-dependent plasticity in the central noradrenergic neurons, without observable alterations in the sympathetic system or the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Transgenic animals were born at expected ratios and developed normally, displaying no obvious impairments. The general anatomy of the noradrenergic system in the mutant mice was normal, no loss of cells was observed and noradrenaline content in the prefrontal cortex was not altered. Interestingly, preliminary electrophysiological analysis indicates that loss of functional NMDA receptors attenuates the spontaneous activity in current-clamped locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons manually held at −50 mV potential. In summary the NR1DbhCre transgenic mice are a novel model for the study of the roles of the noradrenergic system in the central nervous system.
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