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The aim of the work was to estimate the range of morphological variability of seeds of the Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), from different sites within Poland. It was also verified whether there was a correlation between morphological variability of seeds and type of vegetation from which they originated. Additionally, the seed coat ultrastructure of this species was studied. Biometrical analysis showed remarkable variability of seed morphology. A significant relationship between seed size and type of vegetation was also revealed. However, there was no clear relationship between seed mass and type of vegetation. Based on the structure and ornamentation of epidermal cells, the rugosely ruminate seed coat type was proposed.
Achene macro- and micromorphology and pericarp anatomy are described in four Polish species of Anemone (A. narcissiflora, A. nemorosa, A. ranunculoides, A. sylvestris). Biometric analysis showed that achene size varies greatly in all the studied species and is of limited diagnostic value. Three types of sculpture connected with the character of the indumentum were distinguished. The presence or absence of stomata on the achene style and the character of the hair base differentiated A. nemorosa and A. ranunculoides, which have the same type of pericarp ornamentation. The endocarp (number of layers and outline of its cells) was shown to be useful in the systematics of Anemone.
During the last 10 years (2005–2014) the population of Epipactis palustris within the former ecological use “Kopanina 1” was observed five times. In subsequent years, on the area of 4400 m2 at least 1000 to more than 4000 ramets were noted. The ramets in generative phase of development always predominated. It might indicate good condition of the population. The highest density per unit of area was observed in the first year of the study. The length of stems and number of leaves were the most constant features in orchid population. Then the width of the bract was characterized by the greatest values of the coefficient of variation. During the entire study period the number of ramets in population of E. palustris fluctuated, mainly resulting from the biology of the species, and only substantially from the impact of weather conditions. Negative impact of diverse human activities and excessive expansion of the other plant species, which resulted in the shading of the orchid sites, are the major threats to E. palustris existence in the described object.
In recent years extensive attention has been given to the Rubus genus, but knowledge on the ecology of most of its species, including rhythmic development, is still insuffi cient. Such data may have practical applications, since blackberry species are economically important. The goal of the study was to analyse phenology and growth rate of vegetative and generative stems in 10 Rubus species of different systematic affi nity (belonging to two subspecies and three sections), growing in the Dendrological Garden of the Poznań University of Life Sciences. Some habitat factors were also taken into consideration. Field investigations were carried out for three growing seasons. The plants were evaluated for phenology twice a week, while the length of their stems was measured once a week. Diff erences were observed in the seasonal rhythm of individual species. Weather factors distinctly infl uenced the course of development phases in all the Rubus species. Drought during the growing season caused fl owering disorders, withering of fruit, earlier autumn leaf coloration, and fall of leaves. Rubus idaeus and R. fabrimontanus ripened all of their fruits each year of observations and seemed to be the most adapted for fruit production. Rubus fabrimontanus, R. kuleszae and R. praecox were the most vigorous species with reference to shoot growth. This study revealed that only some species were fully acclimated to the conditions of the Dendrological Garden, since they successfully completed their entire fl owering and fruiting cycles.
In current study 13 native Rubus species of Corylifolii section, cultivated in the Dendrological Garden of University of Life Sciences in Poznań, were investigated. Phenology and growth rate of vegetative and generative stems of these plants were analyzed. Some habitat factors (temperature and precipitation) were also taken into consideration. The differences in seasonal rhythm of individual taxa were noticed. The life cycles of some species were disturbed. Weather conditions were the most important factors to have an significant influence on seasonal rhythm of Rubus species. In general, in 2008 rainfall deficiency during the vegetation caused flower and fruit disorders and the earlier dye coloration of leaves and leaf-fall. But the drought did not always affect growth rate of generative shoots.
The object of the work was population of spiny restharrow (Ononis spinosa) growing within the previous ecological site “Kopanina I” in the south-western part of Poznań. In total 67 specimens were found on the area of 825 m2. About half of them were in phase of flowering. Most of plants grew in clusters. They were a component of the meadow plant community of Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class with different degree of humidity. Together, there were 50 species of vascular plants, including two protected species. Analysis of ecological indicatory numbers revealed predominance of species connected with mineral-humus, mesoand eurotrophic, neutral or alkaine soils.
This paper presents the results of the study on seed morphology of five Polish species of the genus Sorbus L. (S. aria (L.) Crantz, S. aucuparia L. Emend. Hedl., S. chamaemespilus (L.) Crantz, S. intermedia (Ehrh.) Pers. and S. torminalis (L.) Crantz). Observations and measurements were carried out with stereoscope and scanning microscopes. Four types of seed microsculpture were distinguished on the ground of SEM observations. The key to determine Polish species, based on morphological characters of seeds is given too.
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