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A pot study was conducted in net house to determine the influence of hormonal priming kinetin (50 mg·dm-3), salicylic acid (50 mg·dm-3), spermine (50 mg·dm-3) and spermidine (50 mg·dm-3) on emergence, yield, antioxidants and ionic content of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars SARC-1 (salt tolerant) and MH-97 (salt sensitive) under normal and saline conditions. The growth of wheat plants was severely affected by salinity stress. But the most of hormonal priming strategies were effective in alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat plants, however, hormonal priming with salicylic acid (SA) followed by priming with kinetin successfully enhanced seedling vigor by increasing emergence index, decreasing the uptake of Na+ and finally increasing grain yield of both cultivars under normal as well as saline conditions. Activities of SOD and CAT in both cultivars were significantly affected by priming in stressful environment. On the other hand, SARC-1 performed better as compared to MH-97 due to the increased antioxidant activities under salt stress. It can be concluded that priming with 50 mg·dm-3 SA followed by 50 mg·dm-3 kinetin for 12 h maximally improved salt tolerance in both wheat cultivars.
In this research, Salmonella species were isolated from the animal, insect and human enteric sources in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. These species were characterized by different microbiological and molecular techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by ampli-fication of the 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, sequencing of the amplicons confirmed all ten isolates as Salmonella strains. The antigenic cross-reactivity was found maximum between the HB1 (strain isolated from honeybee) antiserum and its antigen with an antibody titer of 1:128, while the HB1 antiserum showed a cross-reactive titer range of 1:8 to 1:64. On the basis of the highest geometric mean titer (GMT) shown by the antiserum of the HB1 antigen, it was selected as the best candidate for a cross-reactive live Salmonella oral antigen. Moreover, the HB1 antigen was used a live oral antigen (1×10¹⁰CFU/ml) in a safety test in rabbits and proved to be avirulent. During the animal trial, three different oral doses of the HB1 live oral antigen were evaluated in four different rabbits’ groups (R1, R2, R3, and R4). The dose number 2 of 0.5ml (two drops orally and repeated after one week) gave the best GMT measured by indirect hemagglutination (IHA) as compared to the other two doses, while R4 group was kept as control. Results of the challenge protection test also validated the efficacy of the double dose of the HB1 live vaccine, which gave the highest survival percentage. Results of this study lay the foundation for a potential cross-reactive live oral Salmonella vaccine that has proved to be immunogenic in rabbits.
The basic aim of our research was to reduce water consumption in the dying process in the textile industry. This study evaluated the treatment efficiency of combined process of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation on the synthetically produced dyes C.I. Reactive Yellow 145 and C.I Reactive Red 194. The wash-off liquor generated during the dyeing process was decolorized by adding a mixture of alum and chitosan, followed by electrocoagulation and reused for the wash-off of dyes. Fabric color was analyzed by wash fastness, rubbing and crocking experiments. The combined treatment process was proven to be very effective in decolorizing both dyes by 99.1% and 96.15%. The color difference values of standard (dyed in fresh water) and batch samples for both dyes were 0.53 and 0.35, which is within the acceptable limit (≤1.0). The wash fastness test indicated a range of 4-5 for both standards and batch samples. In the case of water quality parameters, a decrease in pH values was observed after treatment; however, an increasing trend was seen in cases of COD, TDS and EC. While these parameters do not affect the color of the fabric in dying process, this study concludes that the combined treatment of chemical and electrocoagulation is very efficient for decolorizing dye wastewater. Reuse of treated wash-off wastewater is suitable not only for reducing water consumption but also reducing wastewater generation in the textile industry. Hence this treatment option will improve overall water efficiency of the textile industry.
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