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The present paper shows the results of research whose aim was to establish the degree of the sensitivity of Betula pendula Roth seedlings to the adverse conditions of the zinc smelter sludge-silt waste. For the pot cultures post-floatation sludge-silt waste was brought to the laboratory and placed in pots (17 cm in top diameter). In the experiment the following soil variants were used: I - sludge-silt waste II - sludge-silt waste mixed with peat III - sludge-silt waste covered with 2.5 cm layer of garden soil IV - garden soil as a control type The seeds of Betula pendula trees growing on the post-floatation sludge-silt waste grounds had been collected in the vicinity of the dump. Additionally, seeds of birch from non-polluted region (Mirów) were used as a control group. In the experiment, the soil variants were used in three replicates and each pot received 25 seeds. At the end of experiment, the seedlings were counted and the shoot height and root length were measured. Significant differences exist between zinc heap and Mirów regions in pollen vitality and seed germination capacity. The experiment showed positive results for seedlings from zinc dump seeds growing on the variant II of soil and for seedlings from Mirów seeds growing on variants III and IV of soil.
Rekultywacja zwałowisk pocynkowych ze względu na ich dużą toksyczność jest trudna i wymaga stosowania specjalnych zabiegów melioracyjnych i wysokich nakładów finansowych. Konieczne jest przeprowadzenie oceny warunków siedliskowych oraz zbadanie możliwości przystosowania się roślin do życia w tak skrajnie niekorzystnych warunkach. Wybrano do tego celu populację brzozy brodawkowatej rosnącą na zwałowisku pocynkowym Z.M. „Silesia” w Katowicach. W celu założenia doświadczenia wazonowego do laboratorium sprowadzono dwa typy odpadów: z hałdy hutniczej i poflotacyjnej. Doświadczenie obejmowało 27 doniczek; przygotowano następujące warianty podłoża dla każdego typu odpadów : I - odpady bez dodatkowych zabiegów, II - odpady przykryte 2,5 cm warstwą kompostu, III - odpady przykryte 2,5 cm warstwą ziemi inspektowej, IV - odpady z domieszką torfu. Do wysiewu użyto nasion zebranych z drzew rosnących na hałdzie hutniczej. Do doniczek o średnicy 17 cm, na każdym wariancie podłoża wysiano w trzech powtórzeniach po 25 nasion. Dodatkowo na tych samych zasadach przygotowano wariant kontrolny z ziemią inspektową. Przed wysiewem nasiona poddano ocenie wartości siewnej. Przy likwidacji doświadczenia pod koniec sezonu wegetacyjnego siewki policzono i przeprowadzono analizy zabarwienia liści siewek oraz dokonano pomiaru ich wysokości i długości systemu korzeniowego. Wykonane doświadczenie potwierdza dobry rozwój siewek na III i IV typie podłoża.
Zinc-lead waste dumps belong to the type of industrial waste areas which are unyielding to natural reclamation techniques. Heterogeneous composition of waste results in numerous complex physical and chemical processes causing serious air and water pollution in the surrounding areas. Moreover, industrial waste is characterized by high concentration of heavy metal compounds and other toxic substances which constantly affected all living organisms exposed to them. The present research shows the results of research aimed to establish degree of the sensitivity of Betula pendula seedlings to the adverse conditions of zinc-lead waste from the "Silesia Steelworks" in Katowice. Two kinds of substrate, i.e. slag and post-flotation waste was placed in pot cultures (17 cm in top diameter) and for each kind of waste a different soil variant was applied: (I) dump soil, (II) dump soil fertilized with NPK fertilizer, (III) dump soil covered with a 2.5 cm layer of garden soil, (IV) dump soil mixed with peat. In the experiment each variant of the soil type was used in 3 pots (repetitions). Additionally, pots with garden soil were used as control. Each pot received 25 seeds. The seeds of Betula pendula growing on smelter waste dumps had been collected in the vicinity of the dumps. At the end of the experiment, the seedlings were counted and the leaf colouring, height, root length of each seedling was measured. The results of the experiment showed that the most favourable soil type for Betula pendula seedlings were variants Nos (III) and (IV).
Twelve morphometric variables of Cardaminopsis halleri individuals from four sites in upper silesia province were analyzed to establish the pattern of interpopulational relations. Two hundred plants were collected from two very polluted areas (near zinc-lead and zinc smelters) as well as from two other sites in unpolluted areas within the same bioclimatic region. stem size, dimensions of leaves and rosettes, as well as flower and seed numbers and in­dividual dry weights were studied using standard biometric methods. cluster analysis indicated overall differences among populations. Those four populations are different with respect to all variables. Discriminant function analysis confirmed seed number as the most important variable in the evaluation of interpopulational variability.
In the present work there was determined the influence of unauthorised dump on grey alder Alnus incana (L.) MOENCH population which was localised in Jeleśnia. The authors tried to determine which features of the population and individual specimens could be feated as the indicators of environmental disturbance. It was interesting to determine if the time factor influenced intensity of population reaction on disturbance by the existance of unauthorised dump. On the area of 100 m² there alder trees studied heights and breast height diameters of each specimen was measured and 10 leaves from each tree were collected. Some biometric features of the leaves were measured. The researche was made in 1995, 1996 and 1997. During three years 48% of alder trees died; there were no signs of reproduction. There was tendency observed that average values of all of leaf biometrics were decreased. On the basis of the research made it could be stated that an unauthorised dump is a source of deep stress to grey alder population. Some biometrical features of the leaves and reproducing efiectivity could be indicators of environmental disturbance and stress. The longer the influence of the dump, the weaker the plant tolerance to the disturbance.
Effects of environmental conditions on the distribution of resources between generative and vegetative reproduction were considered in relation to several theories. Our objective was to study the effects of heavy pollution-induced habitat deterioration on the growth and reproduction of Betula pendula Roth trees. The length of vegetative short shoots of the birch, the chlorophyll concentration in leaves, and the reproductive effort were studied for the most polluted site – a zinc-lead dump in Wełnowiec (the district of the city of Katowice) and the control site in the village of Smoleń near the town of Pilica. All the plant samples were collected from 10 microhabitats categorized on the basis of different levels of heavy metal concentrations in the topsoil. The length of the vegetative short shoots was greater than that of the trees growing at the control site. The same increasing tendency was observed in chlorophyll concentrations. The somatic cost of reproduction in Betula pendula was higher for the polluted site, presumably owing to both more intensive generative reproduction and resource limitations in the unfavorable environments.
The paper presents the study on the impact of Cameraria ohridella on the percentage of leaf blade surface infested by insects, the number of functionally male and female flowers, as well as the germination energy of seeds. The research results show that the area of damage to the leaf may not affect the number of flowers, but it causes a decrease in the number of functionally female flowers as well as a decrease in fruit number and weight. Adhesive tapes with pheromone trap could help prevent greater leaf damage and lessened the disruption of the flowering and fructification processes.
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