In vitro response of seedlings of six genotypes of Vigna mungo L. Hepper to herbicide stress, induced by glyphosate was assessed by evaluating its effect on morphological parameters viz. germination percentage, survival percentage, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, as well as on biochemical parameters such as activity of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), total protein and proline content along with MDA content. Findings indicate that herbicide treatment promotes significant and dose-dependent decrease in all morphological parameters and increase in activity of antioxidative enzymes in all the genotypes. Herbicide treatment promotes significant decrease in total protein content and increase in proline content. Significant variation for MDA content among genotypes was not observed. On the basis of results of present investigation, it was concluded that Vigna mungo genotypes tolerant to the herbicide stress can be of considerable practical value for studying the mechanism of herbicide tolerance and for providing genetic resources for the development of herbicide-tolerant cultivars.
Nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine) is a specific nitrification inhibitor, applied in soils for reducing the nitrification process of nitrogenous fertilizers. The overall effect of nitrapyrin is enhancing the efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers in soils and also controlling environmental pollution in water by preventing nitrate leaching in soils. Dissipation of nitrapyrin was evaluated in subtropical soils at two fortification levels of 2 and 4 µg·g⁻¹. The extraction of nitrapyrin was done by quick, easy, cheap, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method and quantitative analysis – by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nitrapyrin residues declined consistently with time in both types of soils and were not detectable (<0.05 µg·g⁻¹) on the 45th day at 2 µg·g⁻¹ and on the 60th day at 4 µg·g⁻¹ application rate. Dissipation of nitrapyrin occurred in a single phase with the persistence data fitting well to the first-order kinetics. The half-life of nitrapyrin was 9.6 and 9.9 d at 2 µg·g⁻¹ and 16.1 d and 17.3 d at 4 µg·g⁻¹ application rate in both types of soils. The results revealed higher persistence of nitrapyrin at higher concentration (4 µg·g⁻¹) in both types of soils, probably because of high temperature and humidity in subtropical soils.
The strains of Trichoderma harzianum were assessed for their effect on chickpea growth and control of charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in greenhouse assay. T. harzianum strain 25-92 significantly increased the fresh and dry weights by 50-63% and 24-42%, respectively, whereas strain 29-92 increased the fresh weight of chickpea cv. Radhey and Vishwas by 12-30% but not the dry weight in the absence of M. phaseolina. A marked increase in root length was caused by both the strains. In M. phaseolina infested pots, number of lateral roots and branching decreased with nonsignificant change in weight. Significant (P = 0.05) reduction in charcoal rot disease was observed in the pots amended with T. harzianum at all the concentrations. Moreover, 60-40% reduction in disease was recorded after 14 and 28 days in chickpea varieties Radhey and Vishwas. The resistant variety Vijay does not show significant disease. The reduction in disease was more pronounced at higher inoculum concentrations of T. harzianum (107-108 cfu/g). Overall, Trichoderma strain 25-92 improved plant growth and reduced damage in presence of the pathogen. Besides disease control the growth promoting properties of the strain improve the efficacy for commercial application.
Siderophores are secondary metabolites having molecular weight less than 10 KD. They are specifically meant for chelation of ferric ions. They also tend to chelate metals under heavy metal stress, thus reducing their toxic effects. In the current study, experiments have been conducted on wheat plants to analyse siderophore’s ability to counteract the adverse impact of arsenic (As) toxicity on physiology of plant seedlings along with biochemical response. As toxicity has been observed to adversely affect the lengths of root and shoot, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and activities of various antioxidative enzymes. The present study revealed that the application of hydroxamate-type siderophore isolated from Aspergillus nidulans under toxic condition significantly recovered the growth and helped in amending the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) of wheat genotype (NW1014). At the same time, injury caused by lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced. In silico studies revealed better binding affinity of ferricrocin–arsenate complex leading to thermodynamically stable complex. Encouraging results of As containment by organic biomolecule-siderophore can lead to an emerging bioremediation mechanism brimming with opportunities for agricultural field and environmental clean-up.
Microarray technology changed the landscape of contemporary life sciences by providing vast amounts of expression data. Researchers are building up repositories of experiment results with various conditions and samples which serve the scientific community as a precious resource. Ensuring that the sample is of high quality is of utmost importance to this effort. The task is complicated by the fact that in many cases datasets lack information concerning pre-experimental quality assessment. Transcription profiling of tissue samples may be invalidated by an error caused by heterogeneity of the material. The risk of tissue cross contamination is especially high in oncological studies, where it is often difficult to extract the sample. Therefore, there is a need of developing a method detecting tissue contamination in a post-experimental phase. We propose Microarray Inspector: customizable, user-friendly software that enables easy detection of samples containing mixed tissue types. The advantage of the tool is that it uses raw expression data files and analyses each array independently. In addition, the system allows the user to adjust the criteria of the analysis to conform to individual needs and research requirements. The final output of the program contains comfortable to read reports about tissue contamination assessment with detailed information about the test parameters and results. Microarray Inspector provides a list of contaminant biomarkers needed in the analysis of adipose tissue contamination. Using real data (datasets from public repositories) and our tool, we confirmed high specificity of the software in detecting contamination. The results indicated the presence of adipose tissue admixture in a range from approximately 4% to 13% in several tested surgical samples.
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