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The Honey Buzzard is known as a species difficult to monitor and count. Here we report results of a pilot GPS-tracking study aiming to reveal details of its ecology, that could help in optimization of the species monitoring methods. Five breeding adult Honey Buzzards males were caught and equipped with GPS loggers in Podlasie region, NE Poland: three in the Białowieża Primaeval Forest, one at the Sokółka Hills and one in the city of Białystok. In a mosaic landscape nests were located even in tiny (e.g. as small as 1.2 ha) and young (23-years old) stands. Studied individuals showed home ranges of 11–36 km2 (95% utilization distribution). Most males foraged only up to 3 km from their nests, while one individual up to 5.5 km. The overlap in home ranges of neighboring males reached up to 48%. Breeding territories were left between 8 August and 1 September, depending on nesting success and chick development stage. This study indicates that the monitoring of the Honey Buzzard should be carried out in deciduous forests of all ages and sizes. Monitoring in the second half of September should be done with caution, due to the possible presence of transient individuals, wandering around after nesting failures or during early migration. While mapping territories observers have to bear in mind possible strong overlap of home ranges and their asymmetric shape.
A Whiskered Tern in the first winter plumage was observed in winter 2017/2018 (1 and 9 Jan 2018) at the unfrozen Siemianówka reservoir (Narewka community, Podlasie Province, NE Poland). In previous years the species was noted twice in December, both times in Eastern Poland. These records are the first known attempts of the Whiskered Tern wintering in Poland. The number of autumn (October–November) records of juveniles of the species has also been increasing in last years in Poland.
This paper presents records of the Pygmy Owl during the breeding season on a sample plot in the North Podlasie Lowland. In 2020 a survey of the Pygmy Owl was conducted on a plot of 252 km2 in an agriculture-forest landscape of the North Podlasie Lowland (NE Poland). Agricultural crops dominated there (61%) and forests covered 31% of the area. Six territories of Pygmy Owls were found, and four of them were classified as breeding ones. The species density in woodlands was 1.3 pairs/10 km². The Pygmy Owl was found also in two fragmented forests of the area of 2.7 km² and 3 km², respectively. Moreover, in 2011–2020 fifteen other territories of Pygmy Owl were found outside the regular breeding areas of the species in the North Podlasie Lowland. In two of them breeding was confirmed. Nest holes were located in pine and spruce forests, which were 59, 69, 72, 82 and 104 years old, on average 77 years old (n=5). Breeding was recorded in fresh mixed deciduous forest (5) and fresh mixed coniferous forest (1), in the forest stands dominated by pine (5) and spruce (1). The age of forest stands occupied by breeding Pygmy Owls in the fragmented forests was lower than in large forest complexes. The increase in the number of individuals and the appearance of territories in the areas previously not occupied by Pygmy Owls is a premise for searching for the species outside the present breeding range, also in fragmented forest complexes with middle-aged stands.
The Northern Goshawk is a widespread top predator in Poland, whose numbers declined over the last two decades. This study summarizes the current (2014–2015 and 2019) distribution and numbers of the Goshawk in two neighbouring areas of central Little Poland: the Niepołomice Forest (a compact forest complex of an area of about 106 km2) and the Western Carpathian Foothills (fragmented forests of the total area of about 80 km2). In the Niepołomice Forest 13–20 occupied territories (1.2–1.9 ter./10 km2) were found indicating a stable population size, compared to the data from the 1980s–2000s. At the Carpathian Foothills 16–23 territories were found (2.0–2.9 ter./10 km2), but the population trend is difficult to asses due to the lack of comparable data from the past. Despite the different forest structure, the average distances (2.3 km) between the Goshawk territories were similar in both studied areas. Due to the role of the Goshawk as a top predator in forest ecosystems, there is a need for large-scale monitoring of the species.
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