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The purpose of the study was to assess the environmental exposure to 2 commonly used pesticides: 2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) among spouses of farmers, not directly involved in the process of spraying. Exposure to 63 sprayings 24 women in households from the rural area of the Łódż Voivodeship in Poland was assessed. The women were asked to collect 3 biological urine samples: in the morning before spraying (sample A), in the evening after spraying (sample B), and on the morning of the next day (sample C). The determination of pesticides in urine was performed by high performance liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and negative electrospray (LC-MS/MS-ESI-). In the case of both active ingredient, the number of urine samples with the level of pesticides above limit of detection (LOD) increased from 30% in samples A to 45% in samples B and C. The average levels of herbicides increased from sample A (2.8 ng/g creatinine) to sample B (6.0 ng/g creatinine). The mean value of the C sample was 4.0 ng/g creatinine. Similar results were obtained when the average was calculated for all measurements, including those below LOD. The outdoor activity of the women during spraying was statistically significant (p=0.023), a predictor of exposure in multivariate analyses. The presented study indicates that farmers’ spouses might be exposed to pesticides, even if they do not take part in the spraying.
Background: Numerous authors have shown that selenium (Se) concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in plasma of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are lower than in healthy subjects, but there are only few publications on the level of GSH-Px protein in those patients and no reports on the effect of Se supplementation to HD patients on the level of this enzyme. Subjects and Methods: Se concentration and GSH-Px protein level in plasma were measured in a group of 30 CKD patients on hemodialysis (HD) supplemented with 200 μg Se/day for 3 months, and 28 patients on HD administered with placebo. Se concentration was measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and plasma GSH-Px protein level by the sandwich ELISA method using polyclonal antibody specific for human plasma GSH-Px. Results: Se concentration in patients on placebo did not change throughout the 3-month study period, but increased significantly in Se supplemented group. Se supplementation to CKD patients on HD had no effect on the level of GSH-Px protein. Conclusions: The lack of GSH-Px protein in CKD patients on HD is not linked to Se deficiency since the level of this element increased after Se supplementation while enzyme protein level did not change. The damaged kidney of HD patients is unable to synthesize GSH-Px, even after induction with selenium.
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