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Celem niniejszej pracy było zaprezentowanie występowania pozostałości środków ochrony roślin w jabłkach w 2007 roku. W badaniach stosowano metody chromatografii gazowej oraz metodę kolorymetryczną do oznaczania pozostałości ditiokarbaminianów. Najczęściej wyrywano pozostałości fungicydów: ditiokarbaminianów (18% analizowanych próbek), kaptanu (13%), pirymetanilu (6%), a z insektycydów głównie chíoropiryfosu (6%), diazinonu (6%), i pirymikarbu (5%). Przekroczenia NDP wystąpiły w 5,6% przebadanych próbek i dotyczyły pozostałości: flusilazolu (fi=2), propikonazolu (n=2), cyprodinilu (n=l), dimetoatu (n=l) i fenitrotionu (n=l).
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Magnetically induced vagus nerve stimulation and feeding behavior in rats

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Vagus nerve (VN) contribute to the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Stimulation of the VN by a magnetically-driven solenoid with parameters similar to those during food-induced stomach distension has been thought to mimic short-term signaling of satiety and suppress food intake. In this study, the determination of optimal parameters of vagal neuro-modulation to achieve decreased food intake with a resulting reduction in body mass of rats is explored as therapy to treat obesity. The experimental design consisted of three groups of obese adult male Wistar rats: Group 1: VEMF - with solenoid's electrodes placed on the left VN in the magnetic field exposure (MFE); Group 2: EMF - without solenoid's electrodes on the VN in MFE; Group 3: CON - without solenoid's electrodes on the VN outside the MFE. This study suggests that the rats with solenoid's electrodes placed on the left VN significantly decreased their food intake, weight gain and serum leptin concentrations when compared to that of the CON group. PP levels were found to be higher in the VEMF group when compared to the controls groups. It was found that the most effective parameters of vagal stimulation on eating behavior were 3631, 7861, 14523 A2 x h/m2. The magnetic field by unknown mechanisms also influences feeding behavior. This study suggests that vago-vagal reflexes are involved in the feeding homeostasis and that neuromodulation might be an effective method for managing obesity. Further studies are required to confirm these effects in humans.
Studies in different animal species and in humans have suggested that sex hormones influence gastric acid secretion and contribute to the integrity of the oral and gastroduodenal mucosa but the effect of male and female sex hormones on the healing of the preexisting ulcers in the oral cavity and stomach have not been studied. We compared the effects of major male hormone, testosterone, and female hormone, progesterone, on the healing of lingual and gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid technique in male rats with intact or removed testicles (testectomy) and female rats with intact or removed ovaries (ovariectomy). The gastric acid secretion was determined in rats with gastric ulcers equipped with chronic gastric fistula (GF). Rats were sacrificed at day 7 upon ulcer induction; the ulcer area was measured by planimetry and the lingual and gastric blood flow (GBF) was determined by H2-gas clearance method and venous blood was collected for determination of plasma gastrin and plasma proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1ß levels. Gastric acid output from GF rats was significantly reduced while plasma gastrin was significantly enhanced in testectomized animals as compared to those in intact control rats and these effects were reversed by supplementation of testectomized animals with testosterone. The area of lingual and gastric ulcers in placebo-control rats decreased significantly at day 7 and this effect was significantly accelerated by testectomy or ovariectomy. In contrast, testosterone significantly delayed ulcer healing while producing a significant fall in the gastric blood flow and lingual blood flow determined at the margin of these ulcers. Treatment with progesterone significantly accelerated ulcer healing and increased the gastric and lingual blood flow at margin of these ulcers. Testosterone applied alone or supplemented in testectomized animals produced the significant increment in plasma IL-1ß levels as compared to the respective levels of this cytokine in placebo-control animals. We conclude that: 1) major male (testosterone) and female (progesterone) sex hormones exhibit opposite effect on healing of preexisting ulcers in the oral cavity and stomach because testosterone markedly delayed while progesterone significantly accelerated this healing; 2) testosterone-induced delay in ulcer healing involves the fall in the gastric microcirculation at the margin of lingual and gastric ulcers and the excessive production and release of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß; and 3) testectomy improves the gastric ulcer healing due to inhibition of gastric acid secretion and the rise in plasma gastrin, which exerts gastroprotective, trophic and ulcer healing action on the gastric mucosa.
Testing carried out in 2009 included the determination of 94 compounds in 17 commodities. Samples for testing were collected from production plants by inspectors of District Veterinary Inspections. 153 samples were tested, of which 64.7% were cereals, 31.4% processed cereals and 3.9% processed oil seeds. Mainly validated analytical multiresidue methods were used to determine many compounds at the same time, in compliance with legally binding standards and tested during international proficiency tests (FAPAS, UE). The following analytical techniques were used: GC/ECD/NPD and GC/MS. The positive results were confirmed in compliance with European Commission regulations. In 12 samples tested, which consisted 7.8% of all analysed samples, the pesticide residues were detected. Among 94 compounds tested, 1 was determined mainly in samples of cereals (14.0%) and processed cereals (9.1%). The residues were found mostly in ground wheat samples (40,0%), sporadically in samples of wheat bran (11.1%) and wheat (11.1%). Any MRLs exceeding or unauthorized plant protection product use was not found in compliance European regulations.
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