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Peptony do celów mikrobiologicznych produkowane są z mięsa wołowego, wieprzowego lub końskiego dobrej jakości. Stwierdzono, że równie dobrym surowcem do wytwarzania peptonów, na drodze autolizy lub kontrolowanej hydrolizy enzymatycznej z zastosowaniem enzymów proteolitycznych, mogą być mięso ryby i bogate w białka mięśniowe odpady z ryb. Uzyskano porównywalny wzrost różnych mikroorganizmów na peptonach standardowych i hydrolizatach rybnych.
Belly flaps of frozen cod fillets not suitable for consumption because of parasitic contamination were used as a raw material to obtain peptones for microbiological purposes. Hydrolysis on a laboratory scale was being performed for 6 hours in a reaction mixture; it contained 5 parts of minced fish meat and 1 part of minced porcine pancreas (temperature 40°C, pH 7.0). The hydrolysates contained 0.8% of total nitrogen, 0.1% of alfa-amino nitrogen and 3.8% of ash. The colour of the hydrolysates was similar to that of standard peptones. Their slightly perceptible fish smell was not assessed as a negative feature. The growth promoting activity of the cod peptones was compared with that of Bacto-Tryptone, Bacto-Tryptose, Bacto-Peptone, and Proteose-Peptone. The growth of E. coli and Staph. aureus strains was better on media based on the fish peptones than that on commercially available peptones.
The objective of the studies was to investigate and determine the attitudes towards organic food sand the types and significance of the desired factors determining the satisfaction of customers who purchased organic foods products. The study was conducted as a diagnostic survey with an original questionnaire. The questions included issues on attitudes towards organic foods and the features of organic products that determined the choices of eco-consumers, frequencies and types of selected organic foods. The factors that significantly influenced the choices of organic foods were age (p<0.05)and place of living (p<0.01). The consumers of organic foods presented positive attitudes with a tendency towards neutral attitudes. The most important qualities of food that determined the satisfaction of consumers was a short shelf-life, health properties, the belief in a low content of pollutants in the organic foods and taste. The factors that were least significant for the respondent sincluded promotional qualities
Drought is the most significant abiotic stress in agriculture; thus, this area of studies seems to be one of the most important challenges in plant biology. Data about gene expression under drought are crucial to study drought response mechanisms and to select the genes for a transgenic approach. Quantitative RT-PCR is a powerful method for gene expression analysis; however, obtaining proper data normalization requires internal reference genes with stable level of expression. In the present paper ten potential reference genes were examined in two developmental stages of barley for their expression stability during leaf growth and increasing drought level. The results indicated that leaf growth per se affects the expression of studied genes to the similar extent as the drought and showed that different genes were most stably expressed in the seedling and the heading stage. As a result, different sets of reference genes were selected for different applications. For instance, ADP-ribozylation factor 1 and ubiquitin encoding genes were most suitable to study drought-induced changes in gene expression at the seedling stage, whereas actin and GAPDH genes were useful during heading, and ADP-ribozylation factor 1 and HSP90 allowed for the comparison between these two stages. Our data proved the necessity for validation of commonly used reference genes. The results indicate that expression of ADP seems to be the least affected by all the factors studied in the present experiment. However, when the effect of only one factor among those investigated in this work will be studied, different genes should be considered to be used as the references due to the higher stability of their expression.
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