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Paper presents the results of the 1992 studies of Karaska Bog, one of the largest continental raised bogs in Poland. The object of research was to determine the impact of four decades of peat extraction on natural environment of the bog, to identify in particular: - impact of extraction on various elements of the bog ecosystem, - potential of extensive raised bog subjected to industrial-scale exploitation to preserve its nature values, - natural regeneration capacity of the peatbog. Investigation results helped to establish the origin and evolution of the peatbog as well as its interrelations with the surrounding area. The following four stages of development were distinguished: I - silting up of the water reservoir by lake sediment. II - final colonization of the lake by sedge-moss and raised bog-sedge communities responsible for accumulation of fen and transitional peat. III - accretion of highly decomposed raised bog Eriophorum-Sphagnum peat generated by oligotrophic peat-forming communities associated with water regime based on precipitation. IV - development of raised bog Sphagnum communities accompanied by accumulation of poorly decomposed raised bog tussock peat. Condition of vegetation and soils in Karaska Bog was found to be as follows: - condition of vegetation: - areas with natural or near-natural vegetation - jointly 55 %, - visibly dehydrated areas featuring secondary plant cover - 28 %, - heavily dehydrated areas destroyed by exploitation largely devoid of vegetation - 17 % total bog area - soils: - peat-swamp soils - 39 %, - peat-moorsh - 50 %, - post-extraction sites -11%. It was concluded that extensive raised bogs are relatively invulnerable to diverse impact of peat extraction. They retain much of their nature value and demonstrate high capacity for self-regeneration. As such they should be seen as sites not wholly lost to the natural environment. Consequently, it is advisable for each site of this type to assess its eligibility for nature-reserve type of protection.
This paper discusses a new environmental flow method based on the adapted building block approach. A four-step procedure is outlined in this paper: (1) selecting biota of interest and organizing a team of specialists (2) selecting river reaches of interest (3) defining flow requirements of selected biota (4) defining environmental flow indicators The focus is placed on two elements of river and wetland ecosystems: fish and floodplain wetland vegetation. The method is applied to identify changes in the environmental flow indicators between 1976-83 (“past”) and 2001-08 (“present”) in 16 selected river reaches of the Narew basin, a large semi-natural lowland catchment situated in northeastern Poland. The results indicate that hydrological conditions for fish and floodplain wetland vegetation were significantly better in the past period compared to the present.
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