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Wyselekcjonowano trzy wodne wyciągi z Uvae ursifolium, Tiliae inßorescentia i Coffae semen jako posiadające największą aktywność przeciwutleniającą. Powyższe wyciągi nazwane odpowiednio U, T i C rozdzielano dalej metodą SPE za pomocą mikrokolumienki typu C 18 używając następujących eluentów: woda (frakcja 1), 16% acetonitryl w 10-2M HCL (frakcja 2), octan etylu (frakcja 3) i metanol (frakcja 4). Najwyższą aktywność przeciwutleniającą obserwowano we frakcjach 2 i 3 otrzymanych z wyciągów U i C oraz we frakcji 2 otrzymanej z wyciągu T. We frakcjach 2 i 3 otrzymanych z U zidentyfikowano znaczne ilości garbników hydrolizujących, natomiast we frakcjach 2 i 3 otrzymanych z C obserwowano duże ilości kwasu kawowego i chlorogenowego. We frakcji 2 otrzymanej z wyciągu T wykryto dużą ilość garbników skondensowanych.
Caves formed a crucial shelters for people of Palaeolithic times. Among many archaeological cave sites known from Poland, the Biśnik Cave is one of the best recognized, with 18 cultural horizons of Middle Palaeolithic. The paper's aim was to check if geochemical traces of Neanderthal people have survived in the cave sediments. The samples of late Middle and early Late Pleistocene layers were analyzed by GC-MS method. The results allow to state the presence of two zoosterols (coprostanol and cholesterol) in sediments and to establish the participation of each sterol in particular layers. The ratio of sterol contents indicates the important impact of human faeces on the sedimentation of final Saalian, Eemian and early Weichselian sediments, but shows no clear evidence of human activity in older layers (middle Saalian). Achieved geochemical data stay in accordancc with settlement intensity reconstructed on the basis of archaeological rccord.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The main purpose of our work is to create a reliable, free and open-source software for visual field diagnosis, which is mainly designed for the use with personal computers. Our goal is argued by the fact, that professional clinical equipment used for the visual field estimation is very expensive and mostly occur only in specialized medical centers. This, in turn, affects its availability, giving rise to a problem not only for patients requiring frequent and regular testing of the visual field, but also for those, who would like to examine their sight purely preventive. METHODS: To date, the initial version of the application called Specvis was established. It has been satisfactorily tested so far in a brief study on sample of 20 healthy volunteers, where half of them had simulated deficits of the left visual field. The group with „deficits” used specially prepared glasses with covered left and partially right eye, where in contrast „control” group had covered only left eye. Experimental procedure consisted of responding to stimuli appearing in different parts of the screen with simultaneous monitoring of fixation by responding to changes of the centrally located fixation point. RESULTS: The use of specially prepared glasses resulted in the observation of deficits in the left part of visual field in the „deficits” group. Statistical analyzes revealed the existence of differences between both groups in the left part of the visual field. CONCLUSIONS:The brief validation study had shown, that Specvis has the potential worth developing further. Actually our software is being validated in clinical conditions with automated perimetry in the study of visual field deficits of glaucomatous patients. It is worth mentioning, that thanksto wide configuration settings of the stimulus characteristics Specvis is also useful in animal studies. Our work is supported by ERA-NET Neuron grant REVIS.
Previous imaging studies have identified many brain regions activated during reasoning, but there are differences among the findings concerning specific regions engaged in reasoning and the contribution of language areas. Also, little is known about the relation between task complexity and neural activation during reasoning. The present fMRI study investigated brain activity during complex four-term transitive reasoning with abstract material (determinate or partially indeterminate) and compared the resulting images to those obtained during a memorization task. The memory condition required subjects to memorize unrelated elements whereas the reasoning conditions required them to integrate information from premises and to infer relations between elements. After contrasting the two kinds of reasoning conditions with the memory condition we found that right prefrontal and bilateral parietal regions are specifically activated during reasoning. We also demonstrated that different reasoning requirements - the possibility of constructing one (determined reasoning) versus several (undetermined reasoning) models of a situation during task solving - lead to different patterns of brain activity, with higher prefrontal (PFC) activity accompanying undetermined reasoning. We interpret the PFC activity as a reflection of simultaneous maintenance and manipulation of information in reasoning. These findings provide new evidence that specific forms of reasoning (abstract and undetermined) demand recruitment of right PFC and hemispheric coordination and lend new support to the mental model theory of relational reasoning.
Tests performed in 2013 and 2014 revealed the occurrence of three tick species parasitizing pet cats and dogs in the Wrocław Agglomeration. In total, 1,455 tick specimens were removed from 931 hosts (760 dogs and 171 cats) in 18 veterinary clinics. The dominant tick species was Ixodes ricinus (n=1272; 87.4%), followed by I. hexagonus (n=137; 9.4%) and Dermacentor reticulatus (n=46; 3.2%). Females were the most often collected development stage among I. ricinus and D. reticulatus, and nymphs among I. hexagonus. Additionally, D. reticulatus ticks (n=337) were then collected from vegetation in the Wrocław area to detect Babesia canis; however, none was found positive. Only 9.0% of dog blood samples sent to VETLAB were positive for Babesia spp. Negative results for B. canis from ticks may result from the short period of the occurrence of D. reticulatus in the Wrocław area and therefore the vectorpathogen cycle may not have been fully established at the time of the study. Nevertheless, D. reticulatus is expanding its range, and the size of its population in the Wrocław Agglomeration is increasing. The presence of the pathogenic Babesia spp. combined with the occurrence of its main vector¸ D. reticulatus, suggests that the epizootiological situation in the area can change and may pose a new veterinary problem in the future.
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