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The proper functioning of the skeletal system plays an essential role in poultry production. Due to the genetic selection of poultry species toward maximum intensification of the production process, skeletal disorders occur very often in these animals. Increased muscle to bone ratio leads to abnormal loading or overloading and skeletal development and mineralization failures, bone fractures and increased mortality. Moreover, intensive production of eggs and locomotory restrictions in cage-housed birds predispose them to osteoporosis and increased incidences of bone fractures. The aim of this review was to present current methods of skeletal system assessment in vivo in poultry. The most common method applied to skeletal system diagnostics is radiography that enables the structural assessment of bones. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and digitized fluoroscopy (DF) are used as a tool for the areal determination of bone mineralization. Quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) may be used as a low-cost method for densitometric measurements with regard to fracture risk assessment in poultry. However, due to three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions as well as the possibility to determine trabecular and cortical volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), the most advanced technique of skeletal system investigation in live birds is quantitative computed tomography (QCT). In conclusion, the presented methods of in vivo assessment of skeletal system properties should be used for breeding selection and improvement of skeletal system quality in poultry.
Introduction and objective. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of per os administration of 3 various dosages of a Citrosept preparation (a grapefruit extract)to growing turkey hens on changes in their selected haematological and immunological blood indices. An attempt was also undertaken to select the most efficient dose of the preparation with respect to the mentioned indices in turkey hens. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on 180 turkey hens allocated at random to 4 groups, 45 birds in each group. Samples of their full blood were analyzed for haematological indices, such as red blood cell count (RBS), haemoglobin content (Hb), haematocrit value (Ht), and white blood cell count (WBC). Samples of blood plasma were assayed to determine the activity of lysozyme (chamber-diffusive method) and heterophils capability to reduce nitro blue tetrazolium (stimulated and spontaneous NBT test). Phagocytic activity of leucocytes against Staphylococcus aureus 209P strain was assessed and expressed as the percentage of phagocytic cells (% PC) and phagocytic index (PI). Results. The administration of the grapefruit extract to turkey hens with drinking water caused a significant increase in haemoglobin content in blood, as well as an increase in non-specific humoral immunity marker (activity of lysozyme) and non-specific cellular immunity marker (percentage of phagocytic cells; P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions. The results obtained enabled the positive evaluation of the advisability of applying the Citrosept preparation in the feeding of turkey hens at the age of 6–9 weeks. Among the doses examined, the most efficient with respect to the stimulation of the non-specific humoral and cellular immunity was the dose of 0.021 ml/kg of body weight.
Glucocorticoids play an important role in general growth and the maintenance of bone mass in the skeleton. Steroid therapy induces bone loss and influences the transcription of some regulatory factors determining the ratio of bone turnover. Glucocorticoids increase bone resorption and decrease bone formation which leads to diminishing bone mass and bone mineral density. Osteoporosis is globally one of the most common metabolic bone diseases, and has increasingly been recognized as being a major public health issue. Glucocorticoids increase the risk of rib and limb bone fractures by modifying and decreasing bone quality. Glucocorticoids are very often used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs for serious rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic diseases in large groups of young children, and Glucocorticoids therapy is also used for children and youth having asthma as well as being administered during pregnancy in order to improve lung morphology in premature fetuses. No glucocorticoid drugs which would act without negative side effects are currently available. This review presents the mechanisms of glucocorticoid action based on the latest research and newest factors controlling bone remodeling such as osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin-ligands.
The aim of the study was to determine total antioxidative capacity (TAC) and zinc concentration in serum of dogs suffering from perianal tumours just before the start of the antihormonal treatment (AHT) and one and six months later. The study was performed on 45 dogs divided into two groups: control group suffering from non-malignant tumours (N = 24) and a group with malignant neoplastic changes (N = 21). Serum TAC and zinc concentrations were measured using photometric and atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods. Six months after the start of the AHT, TAC was significantly lower by 10.6% in dogs with malignant tumours when compared to controls (P = 0.03). In the non-malignant group, serum zinc concentration was higher before the treatment than in the malignant group, while the opposite results were observed six months later (P < 0.001). In the non-malignant group, gradually decreasing values of serum zinc concentration at each stage of the investigation were observed, while the opposite results were obtained in the malignant group (P < 0.05). The obtained results indicate that malignant neoplastic process is associated with significantly reduced TAC. Determination of serum zinc concentration in dogs with non- malignant and malignant perianal tumours may have practical diagnostic and prognostic values and may serve towards increasing the effectiveness of AHT monitoring.
The aim of the study was to determine serum free amino acid concentration in male dogs suffering from benign and malignant perianal tumours. Serum concentrations of cysteic acid, glutamic acid, glutaminę, aspartic acid, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid, tryptophan, methionine, arginine, taurine, threonine, tyrosine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine were significantly changed in dogs suffering from benign and/or malignant tumours when compared to the control group (P<0.05). Serum concentration of serine, phenylalanine, lysine and histidine was not influenced in dogs with neoplastic disease (P>0.05). The evaluation of serum free amino acid concentration, has shown that threonine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glycine have the highest diagnostic and prognostic value in dogs suffering from benign and malignant perianal tumours. Highly diagnostic and prognostic value in relation to benign tumour growth was also found while evaluating branched chain and acidic groups of amino acids. Serine, phenylalanine, lysine, and histidine, as well as alkaline amino acids were proved not to have diagnostic and prognostic value in dogs with the tumours. Thus, the evaluation of free amino acid concentration may serve diagnostic purposes and help in tumour malignancy differentiation. The elaborated experimental model max be used in further studies on neoplastic disease development and monitoring of applied treatment efficiency.
The aim of the study: Perianal gland tumors in dogs are the third most prevalent tumors among all neoplastic diseases in males, and are considered a serious health impairment. It has been shown that perianal gland tumors are hormone-dependent, and the most frequently diagnosed type of these tumors are adenomas. The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of perianal tumors in dogs in the Lublin region. Moreover, dogs with perianal gland tumors were subjected to antihormonal treatment. Materials and methods: This study involved the use of both Tamoxifen, as an antiestrogen, and Androcur, as an antiandrogen. Tamoxifen and Androcur were administered on the basis of sex hormone levels in the serum of the dogs. The study was performed on 45 male dogs aged 8-17 years, which suffered from perianal tumors. The diagnostic procedure was based on the histopathological examination of biopsies and on serum 17β-estradiol and testosterone concentrations determined by the ELISA method. In all experimental groups, 27 cases were diagnosed as adenoma (non-malignant tumors), 14 dogs suffered from epithelioma (low malignancy), and 4 patients had carcinoma (malignant tumors). Basic antihormonal treatment lasted for one month. Dogs with an elevated 17β-estradiol level underwent antiandrogen treatment, whereas an increased concentration of testosterone was the diagnostic criterion for antiandrogen treatment. Results: The antihormonal therapy of dogs with adenoma was effective in 90% of cases, and there was no recurrence of the disease during the 6-month period of observation. In 10% of adenoma cases, the size of perianal tumors was reduced significantly, and there was no bleeding. In such cases, the antihormonal treatment was prolonged for another two weeks. Eventually, all adenoma tumors disappeared completely, and the disease did not recur. In the case of epithelioma, the treatment was effective in 70% of patients, whereas in the remaining 30% of animals the size of tumors was significantly reduced. However, in the latter group, the extension of therapy by 2 weeks did not eliminate neoplastic changes. During the 6-month period of clinical observation, 60% of epithelioma cases showed recurrence. The antihormonal treatment of dogs with carcinoma resulted only in a reduced size of perianal tumors. In all such cases, the recurrence of neoplastic disease was observed with the following rapid growth of the tumors. Conclusions: This study has shown that antihormonal treatment was the most effective in dogs suffering from adenoma, less effective in patients with epithelioma, and the least effective in those with carcinoma.
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