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The aim of the study was to investigate acid-base changes and to determine some serum biochemical parameters in dehydrated calves with diarrhoea according to the degree of dehydratation. Thirty diarrhoeic dehydrated calves submitted to treatment in the university clinic, were used in the study. The calves were accessed as suitable for this study, if they were moderately or severely dehydrated according to clinical symptoms. All sick calves had the usual yellow and watery diarrhoea. Calves with 4% to 8% dehydration (moderate) had a weak suckle reflex, dry mucous membranes, warm mouth and partly good muscular tone. Calves with 10% and above dehydration (severe) were unable to stand, and had no suckling reflex and cold mouth. The mean pH, base excess, chloride (only severely dehydrated group) and sodium were -significantly decreased in both moderately and severely dehydrated groups. On the other hand, potassium, phosphorus, HCO₃⁻ and anion gap levels were increased, compared to that of the control group. Results of this study showed that there was a relationship between the base excess and anion gap, with a degree of clinical dehydration. However, there may not be an exact correlation between the degree of dehydration and the severity of acidosis. Based on the clinical symptoms, the results of this study could be a useful tool under field conditions, in estimating the base excess in diarrhoeic dehydrated calves, when acidosis therapy is needed.
The relationship between gastrin levels and presence of Helicobacter-like organisms (HLO) in dogs with acute or chronic gastritis was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 52 crossbred Kangal Dogs aging 2-5 years were used; including 12 dogs with acute gastritis, 25 dogs with chronic gastritis, and 15 healthy dogs. Blood samples were collected from the vena cephalica. Serum gastrin levels were measured using commercial competitive binding radioimmunoassay. HLO were found in 64%, 58.3%, and 60% of animals with chronic gastritis or acute gastritis, and controls, respectively. The gastrin levels in dogs with chronic gastritis were higher than in those with acute gastritis and controls. There were no significant differences between the gastrin levels in all groups, with regard to HLO positive versus HLO negative dogs. In conclusion, HLO incidence was generally found in high levels in all the dogs. However, HLO did not primarily affect the stomach mucosal damage. In the mean time, there was no relation between the levels of serum gastrin in dogs with gastritis, either being HLO positive or negative. The results of the study showed that higher gastrin levels in dogs with gastritis were related to severe gastric lesions and mucosal damage.
The purpose of this study was to determine concentrations of serum glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), insulin, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOH) and ionised calcium (lea) in dairy cows with left displaced abomasum (LDA) and to compare these parameters before and after surgical correction of LDA. Eighteen Swiss-Holstein dairy cows with LDA were used in this study. Clinically healthy post parturient cows (n: 10) from a local dairy farm were used as control group. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein from all the cows. Surgery was performed in cows with LDA. Blood samples from cows with LDA were collected 24 hours after surgery. The abomasum was repositioned followed by an omentopexy. Six of the 18 cows with LDA had clinical ketosis as detected with urine dipstick. The mean concentrations of insulin, BOH, glucose and AST in cows with LDA at admission time were increased compared with the healthy cows. But the mean concentration of ICa at admission time was slightly decreased compared with healthy cows. The mean BOH concentration was decreased 24 hours following surgery compared with values on admission time. However, the mean serum AST levels were increased both at admission time and 24 hours after surgery compared with healthy cows. The levels of blood gas parameters in cows with LDA were not significantly different in comparison with healthy cows, although hyperbasemia in six of 18 cows with LDA was determined. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that serum insulin, glucose, AST and BOH levels were increased in dairy cows with LDA. Serum BOH and ICa levels were decreased 24 hours after surgery compared with values on admission time. All cows with LDA used in this study had subclini- cal/clinical ketosis. We could say that ketosis might be a risk factor for the displacement of the abomasum.
The changes in some biochemical and haematological parameters in three cows with post-parturient haemoglobinuria were described. The animals were 4, 6, and 7 years of age. These cows had calved in the autumn. Post-parturient haemoglobinuria in the cattle occurred at a post-partum of about 3 weeks. The cows received phosphorus supplementation and supportive treatment. The mean serum phosphorus level in the affected cows was significantly lower compared with healthy cows. In the meantime, the blood RBC, PCV, MCHC, and Hb values were also significantly lower compared with healthy cows. In conclusion, the deficiency of phosphorus could be responsible for the development of post-parturient haemoglobinuria in the cows.
Background: The anatomy of the human nasal cavity (NC) is complex and its structures are closely related to the functions of the NC. Studies which assessing the mean volumes of NC and conchae are very infrequent. The purpose of current study is to investigate development of NC and conchae according to age and sex by using stereological method. Materials and methods: This retrospective volumetric study was carried out on 342 individuals (166 females and 176 males) between 0 and 18 years old with no pathological conditions or medical procedures that affected the skeletal morphology of the NC. Volumetric estimations were determined on computed tomography (CT) images using point-counting approach of stereological methods. Results: NC, inferior nasal conchae (INC) and middle nasal conchae (MNC) volume measurements that obtained using point-counting method were increased with age in both sexes until 15 years old. Regardless of gender; no significant difference was determined between the left and right values for NC, conchae volumes and choanae measurements. Generally, significant differences were determined in NC and INC volumes according to gender after they reached maximum growth period. According to age the volume ratios of INC to NC and MNC to NC were ranged from 18% to 32% and 9% to15%, respectively. Conclusions: The current study demonstrated that the point-counting method is effective in determining volume estimation of NC and is well suited for CT studies. Our results could provide volumetric indexes for the NC and conchae, which could help the physician for both patient selections for surgery, and for the assessment of any surgical technique used to treatment of nasal obstruction. (Folia Morphol 2016; 75, 1: 38–47)
Background: The purpose of this study was to compare different techniques for the estimation of spleen volume and surface area using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images, ultrasonography (USG) images and cadaveric specimen, and to evaluate errors associated with volume estimation techniques based on fluid displacement. Materials and methods: Five newborn cadavers, aged 39.7 ± 1.5 weeks, weighted 2.220 ± 1.056 g, were included in the present study. Three different methods were used to assess the spleen volume. The vertical section technique was applied using cycloid test probes for estimation of spleen surface area in MRI. Results: The mean ± standard deviation of spleen volumes by fluid displacement was 4.82 ± 3.85 cm³. Volumes determined by the Cavalieri’s principle using physical section and point-counting techniques were 4.45 ± 3.47 cm³ and 4.65 ± 3.75 cm³, respectively; volumes measured by USG and cadaver using ellipsoid formula were 4.70 ± 3.02 cm³ and 5.98 ± 4.58 cm³, respectively. No significant differences were found among all methods (p > 0.05). The spleen surface area was calculated as a 32.3 ± 20.6 cm² by physical sections using cadaver and also it was determined on axial, sagittal and coronal MR planes as 24.9 ± 15.2 cm², 18.5 ± 5.92 cm² and 24.3 ± 12.7 cm², respectively. Conclusions: As a result, MR images allow an easy, reliable and reproducible volume and surface area estimation of normal and abnormal spleen using Cavalieri’s principle. We consider that our study may serve as a reference for similar studies to be conducted in future. (Folia Morphol 2014; 73, 2: 183–192)
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